Reverse engineering and security evaluation of commercial tags for RFID-based IoT applications
Open accessAbstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a distributed system of physical objects that requires the seamless integration of hardware (e.g., sensors, actuators, electronics) and network communications in order to collect and exchange data. IoT smart objects need to be somehow identified to determine the origin of the data and to automatically detect the elements around us. One of the best positioned technologies to perform identification is RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), which in the last years has gained a lot of popularity in applications like access control, payment cards or logistics. Despite its popularity, RFID security has not been properly handled in numerous applications. To foster security in such applications, this article includes three main contributions. First, in order to establish the basics, a detailed review of the most common flaws found in RFID-based IoT systems is provided, including the latest attacks described in the literature. Second, a novel methodology that eases the detection and mitigation of such flaws is presented. Third, the latest RFID security tools are analyzed and the methodology proposed is applied through one of them (Proxmark 3) to validate it. Thus, the methodology is tested in different scenarios where tags are commonly used for identification. In such systems it was possible to clone transponders, extract information, and even emulate both tags and readers. Therefore, it is shown that the methodology proposed is useful for auditing security and reverse engineering RFID communications in IoT applications. It must be noted that, although this paper is aimed at fostering RFID communications security in IoT applications, the methodology can be applied to any RFID communications protocol.
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An example in the railway station could be ticket validation equipment based on LF, 125-135 kHz, and HF, 13.56 MHz RFID bands, or vehicle tagging based on UHF RFID solutions in the 865-869 MHz band.
“An example in the railway station could be the ticket validation equipment based on Low Frequency (LF), 125–135 kHz, and High Frequency (HF), 13.56 MHz RFID bands, or vehicle tagging based on Ultra High Frequency (UHF) RFID solutions [40] in the 865–869 MHz band.”
From Towards the Internet of Smart Trains: A Review on Industrial IoT-Connected Railways (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
Section 2.1 (page not provided) gives the LF and HF operating frequencies, identifies ticketing as an HF application, and describes UHF RFID for item tracking. It gives a broad UHF operating range of around 860–960 MHz, but does not specifically identify vehicle tagging or the 865–869 MHz band. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSeveral smart cards used in public transportation present faults.
“considering that several smart cards used in public transportation present faults [39,40]”
From Towards the Internet of Smart Trains: A Review on Industrial IoT-Connected Railways (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
Section 3.1 reports multiple vulnerabilities in a commercial RFID system used daily for transportation, supporting the claim that a transport-card system had security faults. It does not establish that several distinct public-transport smart cards had faults. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis is essential in critical infrastructures and defense, whose data have to be stored through trusted service providers, especially in countries where data privacy and security are not guaranteed.
“This is essential in the case of critical infrastructures [34], [35] and defense [36], whose data, due to legal and privacy concerns (e.g., certain defense data are considered strategic and therefore classified), have to be stored through trusted service providers, especially in countries where data privacy and security are not guaranteed [37].”
From A Review on the Application of Blockchain to the Next Generation of Cybersecure Industry 4.0 Smart Factories (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
Security in IoT and fog computing systems is often overlooked or not completely addressed, slowing down the broad adoption of IoT.
“security in IoT and fog computing systems is often overlooked or not completely addressed [18,21,22], slowing down the broad adoption of IoT.”
From A Practical Evaluation of a High-Security Energy-Efficient Gateway for IoT Fog Computing Applications (2017) · cites this paper as [18]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Fernández-Caramés, T., Fraga-Lamas, P., Suárez-Albela, M., & Castedo, L.
- Affiliations
- Department of Electronics and Systems, Faculty of Computer Science, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- Universidade da Coruña (ES)
- Venue
- Sensors
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-12-24
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 28
- ISSN
- 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5298601
- OpenAlex
- W2567447968
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11
- FWCI
- 14.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- RUC (Universidade Da Coruña) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (TEC2013-47141-C4-1-R, TEC2016-75067-C4-1-R)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Media Technology › RFID technology advancements
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Cryptographic Implementations and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Advanced Authentication Protocols Security
- Keywords
- RFID security, Internet of Things, RFID tags, reverse engineering, RFID attacks, security assessment methodology
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