An Electricity Price-Aware Open-Source Smart Socket for the Internet of Energy
Open accessAbstract
The Internet of Energy (IoE) represents a novel paradigm where electrical power systems work cooperatively with smart devices to increase the visibility of energy consumption and create safer, cleaner and sustainable energy systems. The implementation of IoE services involves the use of multiple components, like embedded systems, power electronics or sensors, which are an essential part of the infrastructure dedicated to the generation and distribution energy and the one required by the final consumer. This article focuses on the latter and presents a smart socket system that collects the information about energy price and makes use of sensors and actuators to optimize home energy consumption according to the user preferences. Specifically, this article provides three main novel contributions. First, what to our knowledge is the first hardware prototype that manages in a practical real-world scenario the price values obtained from a public electricity operator is presented. The second contribution is related to the definition of a novel wireless sensor network communications protocol based on Wi-Fi that allows for creating an easy-to-deploy smart plug system that self-organizes and auto-configures to collect the sensed data, minimizing user intervention. Third, it is provided a thorough description of the design of one of the few open-source smart plug systems, including its communications architecture, the protocols implemented, the main sensing and actuation components and the most relevant pieces of the software. Moreover, with the aim of illustrating the capabilities of the smart plug system, the results of different experiments performed are shown. Such experiments evaluate in real-world scenarios the system’s ease of use, its communications range and its performance when using HTTPS. Finally, the economic savings are estimated for different appliances, concluding that, in the practical situation proposed, the smart plug system allows certain energy-demanding appliances to save almost €70 per year.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
As a result of the combination of the latest advances in electronics, networking, and robotics, it is feasible to develop advanced sensor systems for different sectors and applications: energy efficiency, Industry 4.0, home automation, public safety and defense, precision agriculture or transportation.
“As a result of the combination of the latest advances in electronics, networking, and robotics, it is feasible to develop advanced sensor systems for different sectors and applications: energy efficiency [32], Industry 4.0 [33,34], home automation [35], public safety and defense [36,37], precision agriculture [38] or transportation [39].”
From Towards the Internet of Smart Trains: A Review on Industrial IoT-Connected Railways (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
Practical implementations of consortium blockchains can be found for financial institutions, for the energy sector and for the insurance industry.
“Practical implementations of consortium blockchains can be found for financial institutions [41], for the energy sector [42] and for the insurance industry [43].”
From A Review on the Application of Blockchain to the Next Generation of Cybersecure Industry 4.0 Smart Factories (2019) · cites this paper as [41]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Appliance Commitment for Household Load Scheduling
Du, P., & Lü, N. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2011.2140344 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Scheduling Power Consumption With Price Uncertainty
Kim, T. T., & Poor, H. V. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2011.2159279 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
The internet of energy: a web-enabled smart grid system
Bui, N., Castellani, A. P., Casari, P., & Zorzi, M. (2012) · IEEE Network · doi:10.1109/mnet.2012.6246751 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
An Optimal and Learning-Based Demand Response and Home Energy Management System
Zhang, D., Li, S., Sun, M., et al. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2016.2552169 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
A Review on Internet of Things for Defense and Public Safety
Fraga-Lamas, P., Fernández-Caramés, T., Suárez-Albela, M., Castedo, L., & González-López, M. (2016) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s16101644 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Self-citationSmart (in-home) power scheduling for demand response on the smart grid
Xiong, G., Chen, C., Kishore, S., & Yener, A. (2011) · IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT) · doi:10.1109/isgt.2011.5759154 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Real-time personal protective equipment monitoring system
Barro-Torres, S., Fernández-Caramés, T. M., Pérez-Iglesias, H. J., & Escudero, C. J. (2012) · Computer Communications · doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2012.01.005 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationHome energy management incorporating operational priority of appliances
Rastegar, M., Fotuhi‐Firuzabad, M., & Zareipour, H. (2015) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.07.035 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Jo, H.-C., Kim, S., & Joo, S. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/tce.2013.6531112 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Remote-Controllable Power Outlet System for Home Power Management
Lien, C.-H., Bai, Y., & Lin, M.-B. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/tce.2007.4429263 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Smart Home Energy Management Including Renewable Sources: A QoE-driven Approach
Pilloni, V., Floris, A., Meloni, A., & Atzori, L. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2016.2605182 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Remote-controllable and energy-saving room architecture based on ZigBee communication
Han, J., Lee, H., & Park, K.-R. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/tce.2009.4814444 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Butler, Not Servant: A Human-Centric Smart Home Energy Management System
Chen, S., Liu, T., Gao, F., et al. (2017) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2017.1600699cm · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Wireless Environmental Sensor Networking With Analog Scatter Radio and Timer Principles
Kampianakis, E., Kimionis, J., Tountas, K., Konstantopoulos, C., Koutroulis, E., & Bletsas, A. A. (2014) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2014.2331704 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
An Intelligent Power Outlet System for the Smart Home of the Internet of Things
Fernández‐Caramés, T. M. (2015) · International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks · doi:10.1155/2015/214805 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationVineSens: An Eco-Smart Decision-Support Viticulture System
Pérez-Expósito, J., Fernández-Caramés, T., Fraga-Lamas, P., & Castedo, L. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17030465 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationReverse engineering and security evaluation of commercial tags for RFID-based IoT applications
Fernández-Caramés, T., Fraga-Lamas, P., Suárez-Albela, M., & Castedo, L. (2016) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17010028 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationPower Monitoring and Control for Electric Home Appliances Based on Power Line Communication
Lien, C.-H., Chen, H.-C., Bai, Y., et al. (2008) · Conference proceedings - IEEE Instrumentation/Measurement Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/imtc.2008.4547409 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Smart Pipe System for a Shipyard 4.0
Fraga-Lamas, P., Noceda-Davila, D., Fernández-Caramés, T., Díaz-Bouza, M., & Vilar-Montesinos, M. (2016) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s16122186 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationA multi-agent system providing demand response services from residential consumers
Karfopoulos, E. L., Tena, L., Torres, A., Salas, P., Jorda, J. G., Dimeas, A., & Hatziargyriou, N. D. (2014) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2014.06.001 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Data acquisition and control using Arduino-Android platform: Smart plug
Shajahan, A. H., & Anand, A. (2013) · International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability · doi:10.1109/iceets.2013.6533389 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Smart plug prototype for monitoring electrical appliances in Home Energy Management System
Ahmed, M. S., Mohamed, A., Homod, R. Z., Shareef, H., Sabry, A. H., & Khalid, K. (2015) · IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD) · doi:10.1109/scored.2015.7449348 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Home Automation System Based on Intelligent Transducer Enablers
Suárez-Albela, M., Fraga‐Lamas, P., Fernández‐Caramés, T. M., Dapena, A., & González-López, M. (2016) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s16101595 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationHome appliance energy monitoring and controlling based on Power Line Communication
Lien, C.-H., Bai, Y., Chen, H.-C., et al. (2009) · International Conference on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/icce.2009.5012315 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Bai, Y., & Hung, C.-H. (2008) · IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics (ISCE) · doi:10.1109/isce.2008.4559539 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Automatic identification of electrical appliances using smart plugs
Ridi, A., Gisler, C., & Hennebert, J. (2013) · doi:10.1109/wosspa.2013.6602380 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Smart plugs for building energy management systems
Morsali, H., Shekarabi, S. M., Ardekani, K., et al. (2012) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Lee, M., Uhm, Y., Kim, Y., et al. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/tce.2009.5373772 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A low-cost Wi-Fi smart plug with on-off and Energy Metering functions
Thongkhao, Y., & Pora, W. (2016) · International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON) · doi:10.1109/ecticon.2016.7561264 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Smart plug solution based on bluetooth low energy
Horvat, I., Lukac, N., Pavlović, R., et al. (2015) · IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Berlin (ICCE-Berlin) · doi:10.1109/icce-berlin.2015.7391301 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Evolving military broadband wireless communication systems: WiMAX, LTE and WLAN
Fraga‐Lamas, P., Castedo, L., Morales-Méndez, A., & Camas-Albar, J. M. (2016) · International Conference on Military Communications and Information Systems (ICMCIS) · doi:10.1109/icmcis.2016.7496570 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationAn intelligent controller for smart home
Babu, V. S., Kumar, U. A., Priyadharshini, R. A., et al. (2016) · International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI) · doi:10.1109/icacci.2016.7732459 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Centralized and decentralized approaches to demand response using smart plugs
Siebert, L. C., Ferreira, L. R., Yamakawa, E. K., et al. (2014) · doi:10.1109/tdc.2014.6863547 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Smart Office Energy-Saving Service Using Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons and Smart Plugs
Choi, M., Park, W.-K., & Lee, I.-W. (2015) · IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Data Intensive Systems · doi:10.1109/dsdis.2015.69 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Intelligent energy monitoring system based on ZigBee-equipped smart sockets
Shie, M.-C., Lin, P., Su, T.-M., et al. (2014) · International Conference on Intelligent Green Building and Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/igbsg.2014.6835281 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A cloud network-based power management technology for smart home systems
Kau, L., Dai, B.-L., Chen, C.-S., et al. (2012) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/icsmc.2012.6378125 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Tsunoda, Y., Tsuchiya, C., Segawa, Y., et al. (2015) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2015.2472475 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Smart Home Electricity Management System Using Cloud Computing (SHEMS)
Garcia, M. R. G., Chan, H. R. B., Comendador, B. E. V., et al. (2013) · Journal of Advances in Computer Networks · doi:10.7763/jacn.2013.v1.9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Household power outlet overload protection and monitoring using cost effective embedded solution
Horvat, G., Vinko, D., & Žagar, D. (2013) · Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO) · doi:10.1109/meco.2013.6601368 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A home energy management algorithm with smart plug for maximized customer comfort
Elma, O., & Selamoğulları, U. S. (2015) · International Conference on Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems · doi:10.1109/epecs.2015.7368492 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pro Single Page Application Development
Fink, G., & Flatow, I. (2014) · Apress eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4302-6674-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lentine, A. L., Ford, J. R., Finn, J. R., et al. (2012) · IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM) · doi:10.1109/pesgm.2012.6345438 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Active Smart Socket Design to Perform Local Control of Power Demand in Residential Units
Santoro, P., Galdi, V., Calderaro, V., et al. (2016) · IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD) · doi:10.1049/cp.2016.0380 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Processing smart plug signals using machine learning
Ridi, A., Gisler, C., & Hennebert, J. (2015) · IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW) · doi:10.1109/wcncw.2015.7122532 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Design and implementation of a remotely controllable UPS outlet system
Lien, C.-H., Lin, J.-C., & Bai, Y. (2008) · IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics (ISCE) · doi:10.1109/isce.2008.4559536 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Detecting Smart Plug Configuration Changes in Smart Homes
Leonardi, A., Ziekow, H., Konchalenkov, D., et al. (2014) · doi:10.1109/smartsystech.2014.7156016 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Power socket programmable circuit breaker system
Tan, R. H. G., Tan, A. C., Iriana, M., et al. (2008) · IEEE International Power and Energy Conference · doi:10.1109/pecon.2008.4762531 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Intelligent DC power monitoring system and sensor network based on ZigBee-equipped smart sockets
Tsai, Y.-S., Chu, C.-Y., Li, M.-C., Lin, Y., & Chen, P. (2016) · International Symposium on Next-Generation Electronics · doi:10.1109/isne.2016.7543404 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [10]Real Decreto 216/2014 of March 28th, Boletín Oficial del Estado, Number 77, pp. 27397–27428, BOE-A-2014-3376, Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Turismo Available online: https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2014-3376 (accessed on 25 January 2017)
- [68]Iniewski K. Smart Sensors for Industrial Applications 2nd ed. CRC Press Boca Raton, FL, USA 2013
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Review on the Use of Blockchain for the Internet of Things
Fernandez-Carames, T. M., & Fraga-Lamas, P. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2842685 · Cited by 1,078 · see citing works
Self-citationFernandez-Carames, T. M., & Fraga-Lamas, P. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2908780 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards the Internet of Smart Trains: A Review on Industrial IoT-Connected Railways
Fraga-Lamas, P., Fernández-Caramés, T., & Castedo, L. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17061457 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Self-citationBlanco-Novoa, O., Fernandez-Carames, T. M., Fraga-Lamas, P., & Vilar-Montesinos, M. A. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2802699 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citationFernández-Caramés, T. M., & Fraga-Lamas, P. (2019) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app9214479 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationSuárez-Albela, M., Fernández-Caramés, T., Fraga-Lamas, P., & Castedo, L. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17091978 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Blanco-Novoa, Ó., Fernández-Caramés, T., Fraga-Lamas, P., & Castedo, L.
- Affiliations
- Universidade da Coruña (ES)
- Department Electronics and Systems, Faculty of Computer Science, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- Venue
- Sensors
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-03-21
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 643
- ISSN
- 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5375929
- OpenAlex
- W2600357069
- Cited by
- 76
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 5.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RUC (Universidade Da Coruña) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (TEC2013-47141-C4-1-R, TEC2016-75067-C4-1-R, TEC2015-69648-REDC)
- Xunta de Galicia (ED431C 2016-045, ED341D R2016/012, ED431G/01)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid Energy Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › IoT-based Smart Home Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Keywords
- smart plugs, energy internet, wireless sensor networks, self-organizing networks, open-source hardware, energy demand management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
