Comprehensive Review of Global Perspectives on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds: Occurrence, Fate, and Remediation in Groundwater Systems
Open accessAbstract
Groundwater contamination with per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFASs) has become a growing worldwide environmental issue. The current review comprehensively evaluates the global perspective of PFAS pollution in groundwater. Data from 224 recent research articles covering various land use and source types were reviewed, including industrial facilities, landfills, biosolids applications, and firefighting training sites. The bibliographic analysis shows an exponential increase in publications on PFAS pollution in groundwater in the last five years, with more than 50% coming from the USA, followed by Australia, Canada, China, and Sweden. The recent groundwater PFAS pollution research provides insight into the analytical techniques, absorbing materials, treatment strategies, field tests, and enhanced natural attenuation. Nevertheless, the current review identified significant research gaps in the areas of precursor characterization, subsurface behavior, model validation with field data, and long-term and sustainable solutions. Moreover, a global cross-disciplinary approach is required to reduce and regulate PFASs’ risks to humans and the ecological system. This review presents a case study of PFASs in Saudi Arabian groundwater, revealing elevated levels of PFOA and PFOS and highlighting the need for region-specific studies and remediation strategies. The review results will guide global efforts to protect drinking water supplies from life-threatening contaminants.
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PFASs are detected in groundwater worldwide, often exceeding drinking water guidelines, with both legacy and emerging compounds present even in remote or rural areas.
“PFASs are detected in groundwater worldwide, often exceeding drinking water guidelines, with both legacy and emerging compounds present even in remote or rural areas [127,128].”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [128]
Section 4 reports PFAS in groundwater across multiple countries and identifies both PFOS/PFOA and other compounds in wells. Section 3.3 gives an example exceeding an EPA drinking-water advisory, and Section 2 describes PFAS reaching remote groundwater. The copy does not establish that guideline exceedances are frequent or that both legacy and emerging compounds occur in remote or rural areas specifically; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS
Hasan, M., Habib, A., Alam, M., Islam, S., & Halim, E. (2025) · Pollutants · doi:10.3390/pollutants5040043 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Firstly, there is widespread and persistent contamination, as PFASs are detected in groundwater worldwide, often exceeding drinking water guidelines, with both legacy and emerging compounds present even in remote or rural areas [127,128].”
- Authors
- Benaafi, M., & Bafaqeer, A.
- Affiliations
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Benaafi, Mohammed
- Venue
- Water
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-05-31
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1583
- ISSN
- 2073-4441 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4399208527
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 4.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Water (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) (EC221014)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chemical Analysis and Environmental Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Keywords
- groundwater remediation, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, landfill, biosolids, industrial pollution, natural attenuation, water source protection
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