Suspect screening and total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay as tools for characterization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS)-contaminated groundwater and treated landfill leachate
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Landfill facilities are a major source of release of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to the surrounding environment. In this study, landfill leachate treated in a conventional wastewater treatment plant and PFAS-contaminated groundwater were subjected to suspect screening analysis and semi-quantification using total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay and liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). TOP assays yielded expected results for legacy PFAS and their precursors, but showed no discernible evidence of degradation of perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonic acid. TOP assays also produced significant evidence of presence of precursors in both treated landfill leachate and groundwater, but the majority of precursors had probably degraded into legacy PFAS after many years in the landfill. Suspect screening identified a total of 28 PF AS, of which six were not included in the targeted method and were identified with confidence level (CL) ≥3. Semi-quantification of these six compounds showed very low concentrations, indicating that they are not as great a concern as the target PFAS.
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Studies that oxidized landfill leachate reported minimum to moderate changes in PFAS concentrations, suggesting that unknown PFAS transformed biotically or abiotically in landfill cells.
“Similarly, studies that oxidized landfill leachate reported minimum to moderate changes in PFAS concentrations, suggesting that unknown PFAS transformed biotically or abiotically in landfill cells 43,44 .”
From Underestimated burden of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in global surface waters and groundwaters (2024) · cites this paper as [43]
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- Authors
- Rehnstam, S., Czeschka, M.-B., & Ahrens, L.
- Affiliations
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Rehnstam, Svante
- Venue
- Chemosphere
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-09
- Volume
- 334
- Pages
- 138925
- ISSN
- 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4376619459
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14
- FWCI
- 3.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Chemosphere (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Epsilon Open Archive (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet biblioteket (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Landfill Environmental Impact Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS precursors, suspect screening, total oxidizable precursor assay, landfill leachate, groundwater contamination, PFAS degradation, legacy PFAS, wastewater treatment plant effluent, high-resolution mass spectrometry
- MeSH terms
- Fluorocarbons, Sulfonic Acids, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Groundwater, Wastewater
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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