Contamination of groundwater with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from legacy landfills in an urban re-development precinct
Open accessAbstract
The extent of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater surrounding legacy landfills is currently poorly constrained. Seventeen PFAS were analysed in groundwater surrounding legacy landfills in a major Australian urban re-development precinct. Sampling locations (n = 13) included sites installed directly in waste material and down-gradient from landfills, some of which exhibited evidence of leachate contamination including elevated concentrations of ammonia-N (≤106 mg/L), bicarbonate (≤1,740 mg/L) and dissolved methane (≤10.4 mg/L). Between one and fourteen PFAS were detected at all sites and PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA and PFBS were detected in all samples. The sum of detected PFAS (∑14PFAS) varied from 26 ng/L at an ambient background site to 5,200 ng/L near a potential industrial point-source. PFHxS had the highest median concentration (34 ng/L; range: 2.6-280 ng/L) followed by PFOS (26 ng/L; range: 1.3-4,800 ng/L), PFHxA (19 ng/L; range: <LOQ - 46 ng/L) and PFOA (12 ng/L; range: 1.7-74 ng/L). Positive correlations between ∑14PFAS, PFOA and other perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) (e.g. PFHxA) with typical leachate indicators including ammonia-N and bicarbonate were observed. In contrast, no such correlations were found with perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) (e.g., PFOS and PFHxS). In addition, a strong positive linear correlation (R2 = 0.69) was found between the proportion of PFOA in the sum of detected perfluorinated alkylated acids (PFOA/∑PFAA) and ammonia-N concentrations in groundwater. This is consistent with previous research showing relatively high PFOA/∑PFAA in municipal landfill leachates, and more conservative behaviour (e.g. less sorption and reactivity) of PFCAs during subsurface transport compared to PFSAs. PFOA/∑PFAA in groundwater may therefore be a useful indicator of municipal landfill-derived PFAA. One site with significantly elevated PFOS and PFHxS concentrations (4,800 and 280 ng/L, respectively) appears to be affected by point-source industrial contamination, as landfill leachate indicators were absent.
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Interactions between surface water and groundwater can transport PFAS from point sources to groundwater and contribute to further diffuse contamination.
“Interactions between surface water and groundwater can transport PFAS from point sources to groundwater and contribute to further diffuse contamination [12,49,109].”
From Investigating the extent of PFAS contamination in the Upper Danube Basin across environmental compartments (2025) · cites this paper as [49]
The transfer of PFAS from contaminated lands to groundwater could explain higher detections in impacted groundwater.
“This could be explained by the transfer of PFAS from contaminated lands to the groundwater [13,19,49].”
From Investigating the extent of PFAS contamination in the Upper Danube Basin across environmental compartments (2025) · cites this paper as [49]
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- Authors
- Hepburn, E., Madden, C., Szabo, D., Coggan, T. L., Clarke, B., & Currell, M.
- Affiliations
- RMIT University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Hepburn, Emily
- Venue
- Environmental Pollution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-05
- Volume
- 248
- Pages
- 101-113
- ISSN
- 0269-7491 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2913329182
- Semantic Scholar
- d9a480c4b9344a54914ab02d01bc412bc99745c5
- Cited by
- 289
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 11.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Pollution (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment
- Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Programme
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Landfill Environmental Impact Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chemical Analysis and Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, groundwater contamination, landfill leachate, urban regeneration, PFOS, PFHxS, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFBS, ammonia-N, dissolved methane
- MeSH terms
- Australia, Carboxylic Acids, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Sulfonic Acids, Urban Renewal, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Groundwater, Waste Disposal Facilities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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