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Potential toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION)
Open accessAbstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are being widely used for various biomedical applications, for example, magnetic resonance imaging, targeted delivery of drugs or genes, and in hyperthermia. Although, the potential benefits of SPION are considerable, there is a distinct need to identify any potential cellular damage associated with these nanoparticles. Besides focussing on cytotoxicity, the most commonly used determinant of toxicity as a result of exposure to SPION, this review also mentions the importance of studying the subtle cellular alterations in the form of DNA damage and oxidative stress. We review current studies and discuss how SPION, with or without different surface coating, may cause cellular perturbations including modulation of actin cytoskeleton, alteration in gene expression profiles, disturbance in iron homeostasis and altered cellular responses such as activation of signalling pathways and impairment of cell cycle regulation. The importance of protein-SPION interaction and various safety considerations relating to SPION exposure are also addressed.
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“Metallic NPs are valuable for their theragnostic capabilities but face significant barriers to translation due to potential long-term toxicity and bioaccumulation, which limit clinical progress [102, 103].”
From Targeted Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Across the Blood–Brain Barrier in Early and Late Stages of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review (2026) · cites this paper as [102]
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“In vitro, upon prolonged incubation, surface-coated SPION are typically nontoxic at iron concentration up to and 10 μg/ml, while slight cytotoxicity is seen at 100 μg/ml.”
From Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications (2019) · cites this paper as [120]
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“In general, SPION toxicity depends on a variety of factors, including - besides dosing and exposure time - also the nature of the coating material, the hydrodynamic diameter of the particle and SPION-protein interactions [119–122].”
From Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications (2019) · cites this paper as [120]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Singh, N., Jenkins, G. J. S., Asadi, R., & Doak, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Swansea University (GB)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Singh, Neenu
- Venue
- Nano Reviews
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-01-01
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5358
- ISSN
- 2000-5121 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3215220
- OpenAlex
- W2045080998
- Cited by
- 1,112
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 92 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 16.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Nano Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, nanoparticle toxicity, cytotoxicity, DNA damage, oxidative stress, actin cytoskeleton, gene expression profiling, iron homeostasis, signaling pathways, cell cycle regulation, nanoparticle-protein interactions, surface coating, MRI contrast agents, drug delivery, hyperthermia
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