Prospective memory: When reminders fail
Open accessAbstract
A frequent assumption in the area of prospective memory is that a reminder to do an activity in the future improves the likelihood of doing the activity. The results of four experiments indicated, however, that the most general version of this assumption is incorrect. Subjects were either reminded of a prospective memory task several times during a retention interval or not reminded of the prospective memory task. The most effective reminders referred both to the prospective memory target events and to the intended activity. Reminders that referred only to the target events did not improve prospective memory (relative to a no-reminder control). Reminders that referred only to the intended activity did improve prospective memory, but not to the level of reminders that referred both to the target events and to the intended activity. Instructions to imagine oneself performing the prospective memory task did not further improve prospective memory. Neither the delay between the prospective memory instructions and the prospective memory cover task nor the delay between a reminder and a prospective memory target event significantly influenced performance. The results, which are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications, support a new theory of prospective memory and suggest surprising conditions under which reminders fail to benefit prospective memory.
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The literature on delayed intentions has rarely examined the ways that people manipulate the environment themselves to create perceptual triggers.
“While some studies have investigated the efficacy of experimenter-provided reminders (Guynn, McDaniel, & Einstein, 1998; Henry, Rendell, Phillips, Dunlop, & Kliegel, 2012; Loft, Smith, & Bhaskara, 2011; Vortac, Edwards, & Manning, 1995), the literature on delayed intentions has rarely examined the ways that we manipulate the environment ourselves to create perceptual triggers.”
From Strategic offloading of delayed intentions into the external environment (2015) · cites this paper as Guynn, McDaniel, & Einstein, 1998
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- Authors
- Guynn, M. J., Mcdaniel, M. A., & Einstein, G. O.
- Affiliations
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Furman University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Guynn, Melissa J.
- ORCID
- Mcdaniel, Mark A.
- Venue
- Memory & Cognition
- Published
- 1998-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 287-298
- ISSN
- 0090-502X (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5946
- OpenAlex
- W2093817188
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 6.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Memory & Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- University of Arizona
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag008436-05)
- National Institute on Aging (AGO8436, AGO5627)
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- prospective memory, reminders, retention interval, theory of mind
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Cues, Female, Humans, Imagination, Male, Mental Recall, Retention, Psychology, Thinking, Verbal Learning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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