The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Priming with and without awareness
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions
Stroop, J. R. (1935) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0054651 · Cited by 18,622
Cited by
Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action
Libet, B. (1985) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00044903 · Cited by 2,623
Knowing your own heart: Distinguishing interoceptive accuracy from interoceptive awareness
Garfinkel, S. N., Seth, A. K., Barrett, A. B., Suzuki, K., & Critchley, H. D. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.004 · Cited by 1,624
Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming
Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Cohen, L., Bihan, D. L., Mangin, J.-F., Poline, J.-B., & Rivière, D. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/89551 · Cited by 1,305
Characteristics of dissociable human learning systems
Shanks, D. R., & St. John, M. F. (1994) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00035032 · Cited by 1,163
Imaging unconscious semantic priming
Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Le Clec'H, G., Koechlin, E., Mueller, M., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., van de Moortele, P.-F., & Le Bihan, D. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/26967 · Cited by 1,081
Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: a critical review of visual masking
Kouider, S., & Dehaene, S. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2093 · Cited by 835
Consciousness: here, there and everywhere?
Tononi, G., & Koch, C. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0167 · Cited by 811
A theory of implicit and explicit knowledge
Dienes, Z., & Perner, J. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99002186 · Cited by 672
Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness
Reingold, E. M., & Merikle, P. M. (1988) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03207490 · Cited by 596
Self-citationHalf a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.
MacLeod, C. M. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163 · Cited by 5,500
Measuring consciousness: relating behavioural and neurophysiological approaches
Seth, A. K., Dienes, Z., Cleeremans, A., Overgaard, M., & Pessoa, L. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.04.008 · Cited by 458
An evaluation of dual-process theories of reasoning
Osman, M. (2004) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196730 · Cited by 444
Measuring consciousness: Is one measure better than the other?
Sandberg, K., Timmermans, B., Overgaard, M., & Cleeremans, A. (2010) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.12.013 · Cited by 443
Janssen, E., Everaerd, W., Spiering, M., & Janssen, J. (2000) · Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224490009552016 · Cited by 404
Confidence and accuracy of near-threshold discrimination responses
Kunimoto, C., Miller, J., & Pashler, H. (2001) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.2000.0494 · Cited by 291
Information integration without awareness
Mudrik, L., Faivre, N., & Koch, C. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.009 · Cited by 277
On the inter-relatedness of theory and measurement in the study of unconscious processes
REINGOLD, E. M., & MERIKLE, P. M. (1990) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.1990.tb00150.x · Cited by 255
Self-citationCriteria for unconscious cognition: three types of dissociation
Schmidt, T., & Vorberg, D. (2006) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03193692 · Cited by 151
The face-detection effect: configuration enhances detection
Purcell, D. G., & Stewart, A. L. (1988) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03208806 · Cited by 131
Nonconscious formation and reactivation of semantic associations by way of the medial temporal lobe
Henke, K., Mondadori, C. R. A., Treyer, V., Nitsch, R. M., Buck, A., & Hock, C. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00035-6 · Cited by 128
Irvine, E. (2013) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12016 · Cited by 72
Evaluation of a 'bias-free' measure of awareness
Azzopardi, P., & Evans, S. (2007) · Spatial Vision · doi:10.1163/156856807779369742 · Cited by 68
Invisible expressions evoke core impressions
Laeng, B., Profeti, I., Sæther, L., Adolfsdottir, S., Lundervold, A. J., Vangberg, T., Øvervoll, M., Johnsen, S. H., & Waterloo, K. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018689 · Cited by 45
The Challenge of Inferring Unconscious Mental Processes
Shanks, D. R., Malejka, S., & Vadillo, M. A. (2021) · Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000517 · Cited by 40
Less is more: The effects of very brief versus clearly visible exposure.
Siegel, P., & Weinberger, J. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0026806 · Cited by 33
Pincham, H. L., Bowman, H., & Szucs, D. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.007 · Cited by 29
Granena, G. (2020) · doi:10.1017/9781108625616 · Cited by 27
Siegel, P., & Peterson, B. S. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14037 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Cheesman, J., & Merikle, P. M.
- Venue
- Perception & Psychophysics
- Published
- 1984-08
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 387-395
- ISSN
- 0031-5117 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5962
- OpenAlex
- W1999966370
- Cited by
- 570
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 15.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
