Seeing with the skin
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Following training with vibration applied to the observers' back, the sensation changed from the vibration itself being the perceived stimulation site to being felt as coming from the environment.
“Following training with vibration applied to the observers’ back, the sensation changed from the vibration itself being the perceived stimulation site, to being felt as coming from the environment.”
From Designing sensory-substitution devices: Principles, pitfalls and potential1 (2016) · cites this paper as White et al., 1970
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that observers described feelings on their backs when the camera was fixed, but externally localized objects when they moved it over the displays. This supports the change in perceived location, but attributes it to camera movement during exploration, not specifically to training over time. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFollowing 5 to 15 hours of training, participants were able to recognize objects and experience them as if an image appeared in front of them.
“Following 5 to 15 hours of training, participants were able to recognize objects and experience them as if an image appeared in front of them (White et al., 1970).”
From Designing sensory-substitution devices: Principles, pitfalls and potential1 (2016) · cites this paper as White et al., 1970
Form Discrimination reports that participants learned to identify common objects, and the Discussion says that, when they moved the camera, they reported externally localized objects in front of them. The stated 5–15 hours of training is not supported: Methods reports over 40 hours for eight blind participants, while Acuity Judgments reports 15–40 hours of experience for a different task. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Self-citationSensory Substitution and the Design of an Artificial Ear
Richardson, B. L., & Frost, B. J. (1977) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1977.9915910 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tactile localization of the direction and distance of sounds
Richardson, B. L., & Frost, B. J. (1979) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03198813 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Multisensory and spatial processes in sensory substitution
Auvray, M. (2019) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-190950 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The effect of location on the discrimination of spatial vibrotactile patterns
Horner, D. T. (1995) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03213072 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A real time spectrograph with implications for speech training for the deaf
Stewart, L. C., Larkin, W. D., & Houde, R. A. (2005) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.1976.1170102 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- White, B. W., Saunders, F. A., Scadden, L., Bach-Y-Rita, P., & Collins, C. C.
- Affiliations
- California Pacific Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- White, Benjamin W.
- Venue
- Perception & Psychophysics
- Published
- 1970-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-27
- ISSN
- 0031-5117 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5962
- OpenAlex
- W2012923582
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.46
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Perception & Psychophysics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Teleoperation and Haptic Systems
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Keywords
- tactile display, object recognition, display resolution, television cameras
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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