Accounts of the confidence-accuracy relation in recognition memory

Busey, Thomas A.; Tunnicliff, Jennifer; Loftus, Geoffrey R.; Loftus, Elizabeth F.

doi:10.3758/bf03210724

Cited by 277Memory Processes and InfluencesFace Recognition and PerceptionMemory and Neural Mechanisms

Accounts of the confidence-accuracy relation in recognition memory

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Busey, Thomas A., Tunnicliff, Jennifer, Loftus, Geoffrey R., Loftus, Elizabeth F.·2000·Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

DOI 10.3758/bf03210724

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Abstract

Confidence and accuracy, while often considered to tap the same memory representation, are often found to be only weakly correlated (e.g., Bothwell, Deffenbacher, & Brigham, 1987; Deffenbacher, 1980). There are at least two possible (nonexclusive) reasons for this weak relation. First, it may be simply due to noise of one sort or another; that is, it may come about because of both within- and between-subjects statistical variations that are partially uncorrelated for confidence measures on the one hand and accuracy measures on the other. Second, confidence and accuracy may be uncorrelated because they are based, at least in part, on different memory representations that are affected in different ways by different independent variables. We propose a general theory that is designed to encompass both of these possibilities and, within the context of this theory, we evaluate effects of four variables--degree of rehearsal, study duration, study luminance, and test luminance--in three face recognition experiments. In conjunction with our theory, the results allow us to begin to identify the circumstances under which confidence and accuracy are based on the same versus different sources of information in memory. The results demonstrate the conditions under which subjects are quite poor at monitoring their memory performance, and are used to extend cue utilization theories to the domain of face recognition.

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Similar boosts in fluency can be achieved by increasing the brightness of a face stimulus or the font size of a word stimulus, leading to greater confidence in recall without any change in performance.
“Similar boosts in fluency can be achieved by increasing the brightness of a face stimulus (Busey et al. 2000) or the font size of a word stimulus (Hu et al. 2015), leading to greater confidence in recall without any change in performance.”
From Metacognition and Confidence: A Review and Synthesis (2024) · cites this paper as Busey et al. 2000
The Results and Discussion report greater retrospective confidence for bright-tested than dim-tested faces. But the Implications of Confidence and Accuracy Dissociations section says that when a face is first viewed in the dark and then in bright light, accuracy goes down while confidence goes up—not that performance is unchanged. This source does not support the word-stimulus portion, which the citing sentence attributes to a different paper. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Moderators of the confidence–accuracy relationship in recognition memoryPreprint
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Authors: Busey, T. A., Tunnicliff, J., Loftus, G. R., & Loftus, E. F.
Affiliations: Indiana University Bloomington (US)
University of Washington (US)
Corresponding author: Busey, Thomas A.
ORCID: Busey, Thomas A.
Loftus, Elizabeth F.
Venue: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2000-03
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 26-48
ISSN: 1069-9384 (ISSN-L)
1531-5320
DOI: 10.3758/bf03210724
OpenAlex: W2082357606
Cited by: 277
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 2.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: recognition memory, metacognition, memory monitoring, face recognition (cognition), cue utilization theory, rehearsal, study duration, memory representation
MeSH terms: Cognition, Cues, Humans, Memory, Psychological Theory, Visual Perception, Signal Detection, Psychological

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