Anxiety modulates the degree of attentive resources required to process emotional faces
Open accessAbstract
The present study contributes to the ongoing debate over the extent to which attentive resources are required for emotion perception. Although fearful facial expressions are strong competitors for attention, we predict that the magnitude of this effect may be modulated by anxiety. To test this hypothesis, healthy volunteers who varied in their self-reported levels of trait and state anxiety underwent an attentional blink task. Both fearful and happy facial expressions were subject to a strong attentional blink effect for low-anxious individuals. For those reporting high anxiety, a blink occurred for both fearful and happy facial expressions, but the magnitude of the attentional blink was significantly reduced for the fearful expressions. This supports the proposals that emotion perception is not fully automatic and that anxiety is related to a reduced ability to inhibit the processing of threat-related stimuli. Thus, individual differences in self-reported anxiety are an important determinant of the attentional control of emotional processing.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Anxious individuals are sensitive to distraction by mildly threatening stimuli.
“Anxious individuals are exquisitely sensitive to distraction by mildly threatening stimuli (1–3).”
From Lateral prefrontal cortex mediates the cognitive modification of attentional bias (2010) · cites this paper as [1]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1970) · Cited by 24,983 · see citing works
Ekman, P. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,345 · see citing works
Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass.
Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.3.466 · Cited by 2,542 · see citing works
Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass.
Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Esteves, F. G. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.130.3.466 · Cited by 2,527 · see citing works
The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology
Williams, J. M. G., Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.3 · Cited by 2,420 · see citing works
Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink?
Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.18.3.849 · Cited by 2,276 · see citing works
Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-01-00411.1998 · Cited by 2,205 · see citing works
Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention.
Nilli Lavie, C. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.21.3.451 · Cited by 2,016 · see citing works
A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions
Morris, J. S., Frith, C. D., Perrett, D. I., Rowland, D., Young, A. W., Calder, A. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/383812a0 · Cited by 2,013 · see citing works
Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control.
Derryberry, D., & Reed, M. A. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.225 · Cited by 1,729 · see citing works
Effects of Attention and Emotion on Face Processing in the Human Brain
Vuilleumier, P., Armony, J. L., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00328-2 · Cited by 1,664 · see citing works
Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: an attentional blink?
Raymond, J. E., Shapiro, K. L., & Arnell, K. M. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.18.3.849 · Cited by 1,649 · see citing works
Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety?
Fox, E., Russo, R., Bowles, R., & Dutton, K. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.681 · Cited by 1,469 · see citing works
Self-citationThe face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli.
Öhman, A., Lundqvist, D., & Esteves, F. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.381 · Cited by 1,366 · see citing works
A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating “unseen” fear
Morris, J. S., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1680 · Cited by 1,349 · see citing works
Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events
Anderson, A. K., & Phelps, E. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35077083 · Cited by 1,335 · see citing works
Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention.
Lavie, N. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.21.3.451 · Cited by 1,323 · see citing works
A neuromodulatory role for the human amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions
Morris, J. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.1.47 · Cited by 1,291 · see citing works
Amygdalo‐cortical projections in the monkey ( <i>Macaca fascicularis</i> )
Amaral, D. G., & Price, J. L. (1984) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902300402 · Cited by 1,162 · see citing works
Neural processing of emotional faces requires attention
Pessoa, L., McKenna, M., Gutierrez, E., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.172403899 · Cited by 1,155 · see citing works
(1992) · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
Distant influences of amygdala lesion on visual cortical activation during emotional face processing
Vuilleumier, P., Richardson, M. P., Armony, J. L., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1341 · Cited by 955 · see citing works
Facial Expressions of Emotion: Are Angry Faces Detected More Efficiently?
Fox, E., Lester, V., Russo, R., Bowles, R. J., Pichler, A., & Dutton, K. (2000) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999300378996 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
Self-citationPrefrontal cortical function and anxiety: Controlling attention to threat-related stimuli
Bishop, S., Duncan, J., Brett, M., & Lawrence, A. D. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1173 · Cited by 940 · see citing works
Perceptual load as a major determinant of the locus of selection in visual attention
Lavie, N., & Tsal, Y. (1994) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03213897 · Cited by 870 · cited 2× · see citing works
“These neuroimaging studies have reignited the historic early–late selection debate regarding the extent to which attentional resources are necessary for semantic processing of stimuli (see, e.g., Driver & Tipper, 1989; Lavie & Tsal, 1994 ).”
BackgroundShapiro, K. L., Raymond, J. E., & Arnell, K. M. (1997) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(97)01094-2 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Differential attentional guidance by unattended faces expressing positive and negative emotion
Eastwood, J. D., Smilek, D., & Merikle, P. M. (2001) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03194519 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Attentional control of the processing of neutral and emotional stimuli
Pessoa, L., Kästner, S., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2002) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(02)00214-8 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
State Anxiety Modulation of the Amygdala Response to Unattended Threat-Related Stimuli
Bishop, S. J., Duncan, J., & Lawrence, A. D. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2550-04.2004 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Holmes, A., Vuilleumier, P. O., & Martin Eimer, A. (2003) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(02)00268-9 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Anxiety and attention to threatening pictures
Yiend, J., & Mathews, A. (2001) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755991 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1999) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379050 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Emotional facial expressions capture attention
Vuilleumier, P. O., & Schwartz, S. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.2.153 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Personal names and the attentional blink: A visual “cocktail party” effect
Shapiro, K. L., Caldwell, J., & Sorensen, R. E. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.23.2.504 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Phillips, M. L., Williams, L. M., Heining, M., Herba, C. M., Russell, T., Andrew, C., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C. R., Morgan, M., et al. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.013 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Processing emotional facial expressions: The role of anxiety and awareness
FOX, E. (2002) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.2.1.52 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationESTEVES, F., PARRA, C., DIMBERG, U., & ÖHMAN, A. (1994) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02446.x · Cited by 301 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In conditioning experiments, larger skin conductance responses and greater resistance to extinction have been found for aversively conditioned angry facial expressions than for happy or neutral facial expressions ( Esteves, Parra, Dimberg, & Ohman, 1994 ).”
BackgroundPersonal names and the attentional blink: A visual "cocktail party" effect.
Shapiro, K. L., Caldwell, J., & Sorensen, R. E. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.23.2.504 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Identification Facilitation for Emotionally Arousing Verbs During the Attentional Blink.
Keil, A., & Ihssen, N. (2004) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.23 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
The face of fear: Effects of eye gaze and emotion on visual attention
Mathews, A., Fox, E., Yiend, J., & Calder, A. (2003) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280344000095 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of perceptual load in negative priming.
Nilli Lavie, C., & Fox, E. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.26.3.1038 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citationFocusing on fear: attentional disengagement from emotional faces
Georgiou, G., Bleakley, C., Hayward, J., Russo, R., Dutton, K., Eltiti, S., & Fox, E. (2005) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280444000076 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationBeware and be aware: Capture of spatial attention by fear-related stimuli in neglect
Vuilleumier, P. O., & Schwartz, S. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200105080-00014 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Driver, J., & Tipper, S. P. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.15.2.304 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Attentional bias in anxiety: A defective inhibition hypothesis
Fox, E. (1994) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939408408934 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of perceptual load in negative priming.
Lavie, N., & Fox, E. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.26.3.1038 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationAnxiety and the deployment of visual attention over time
Barnard, P. J., Ramponi, C., Battye, G., & Mackintosh, B. (2005) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280444000139 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Emotional stimuli reduce the attentional blink in sub-clinical anxious subjects
Arend, I. C., & Botella, J. (2002) · Psicothema · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Driver, J., & Tipper, S. P. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.15.2.304 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Modulation of spatial attention by masked angry faces: An event-related fMRI study
Armony, J. L., & Dolan, R. J. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(01)91721-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory
Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336 · Cited by 5,289 · see citing works
The effects of emotion on attention: A review of attentional processing of emotional information
Yiend, J. (2010) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930903205698 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
A review of current evidence for the causal impact of attentional bias on fear and anxiety
Van Bockstaele, B., Verschuere, B., Tibboel, H., De Houwer, J., Crombez, G., & Koster, E. H. W. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0034834 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Physical abuse amplifies attention to threat and increases anxiety in children.
Shackman, J. E., Shackman, A. J., & Pollak, S. D. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.838 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Browning, M., Holmes, E. A., & Harmer, C. J. (2010) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.10.1.8 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Lateral prefrontal cortex mediates the cognitive modification of attentional bias
Browning, M., Holmes, E. A., Murphy, S. E., Goodwin, G. M., & Harmer, C. J. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.031 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Putman, P., van Peer, J. M., Maimari, I., & van der Werff, S. J. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.008 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Anxiety and sensitivity to gaze direction in emotionally expressive faces.
Fox, E., Mathews, A., Calder, A. J., & Yiend, J. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.3.478 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamic modulation of emotional processing.
Okon-Singer, H., Lichtenstein-Vidne, L., & Cohen, N. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.05.010 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Empathy and emotion regulation: An integrative account
Thompson, N. M., Uusberg, A., Gross, J. J., & Chakrabarti, B. (2019) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.024 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Bannerman, R. L., Milders, M. M., de Gelder, B., & Sahraie, A. (2009) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1744 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Top-down modulation of preattentive processing: Testing the recovery account of contingent capture
Folk, C. L., & Remington, R. W. (2006) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280500193545 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Masked fearful faces modulate the orienting of covert spatial attention.
Carlson, J. M., & Reinke, K. S. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0012653 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The emotional attentional blink: what we know so far
McHugo, M., Olatunji, B. O., & Zald, D. H. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00151 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Identification of angry faces in the attentional blink
Maratos, F. A., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701774218 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The effect of cognitive load in emotional attention and trait anxiety: An eye movement study
Berggren, N., Koster, E. H. W., & Derakshan, N. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2011.618450 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Rudaizky, D., Basanovic, J., & MacLeod, C. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.815154 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Putman, P., Hermans, E. J., Koppeschaar, H. P. F., van Schijndel, A., & van Honk, J. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.05.009 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Cisler, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., Lohr, J. M., & Williams, N. L. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802051599 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Rossignol, M., Philippot, P., Bissot, C., Rigoulot, S., & Campanella, S. (2012) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.034 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Does emotion processing require attention? The effects of fear conditioning and perceptual load
Yates, A., Ashwin, C., & Fox, E. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0020325 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationInteractions of attention, emotion and motivation
Raymond, J. E. (2009) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17617-3 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Time course of visual attention with emotional faces
Srivastava, P., & Srinivasan, N. (2010) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/app.72.2.369 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Holmes, A., Nielsen, M. K., Tipper, S., & Green, S. (2009) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.9.3.323 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Attention to novelty in behaviorally inhibited adolescents moderates risk for anxiety
Reeb‐Sutherland, B. C., Vanderwert, R. E., Degnan, K. A., Marshall, P. J., Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., Chronis-Tuscano, A. M., Pine, D. S., & Fox, N. A. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02170.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Trippe, R. H., Hewig, J. S., Heydel, C., Hecht, H., & Miltner, W. H. R. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.035 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Anxiety, attention, and decision making: The moderating role of heart rate variability
Ramírez, E., Martínez, A. R. O., & del Paso, G. A. R. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.10.007 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Dissociating emotion-induced blindness and hypervision.
Bocanegra, B. R., & Zeelenberg, R. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0017749 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Attentional capture by emotional stimuli is modulated by semantic processing.
Huang, Y.-M., Baddeley, A., & Young, A. W. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.34.2.328 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Emotion-induced trade-offs in spatiotemporal vision.
Bocanegra, B. R., & Zeelenberg, R. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0023188 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
de Houwer, J., & Hermans, D. (2010) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203853054 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Haas, B. W., & Canli, T. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.10.014 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Detection of emotional faces is modulated by the direction of eye gaze.
Milders, M. M., Hietanen, J. K., Leppänen, J. M., & Braun, M. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022901 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
de Jong, P. J., Koster, E. H. W., van Wees-Cieraad, R., & Martens, S. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802490227 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Otwinowska, A., & Foryś‐Nogala, M. (2015) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2015.1051944 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
de Jong, P. J., & Martens, S. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.10.003 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Lucas, N., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.027 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Emotional MMN: Anxiety and heart rate correlate with the ERP signature for auditory change detection
Schirmer, A., & Escoffier, N. (2009) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.09.029 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Influence of emotional facial expressions on binocular rivalry
Bannerman, R. L., Milders, M. M., de Gelder, B., & Sahraie, A. (2008) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00568.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Temporal processing of emotional stimuli: The capture and release of attention by angry faces.
Maratos, F. A. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0024279 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Task relevance of emotional information affects anxiety-linked attention bias in visual search
Dodd, H. F., Vogt, J., Turkileri, N., & Notebaert, L. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.01.017 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Todd, R. M., MacDonald, M. J., Sedge, P. A., Robertson, A., Jetly, R., Taylor, M. J., & Pang, E. W. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.011 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Hagen, T., & Laeng, B. (2017) · i-Perception · doi:10.1177/2041669517735542 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Angry facial expressions hamper subsequent target identification.
de Jong, P. J., Koster, E. H. W., van Wees-Cieraad, R., & Martens, S. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0019353 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Genes for Emotion-Enhanced Remembering Are Linked to Enhanced Perceiving
Todd, R. M., Müller, D. J., Lee, D. H., Robertson, A., Eaton, T., Freeman, N., Palombo, D. J., Levine, B., & Anderson, A. K. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613492423 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Prefrontal control of attention to threat
Peers, P. V., Simons, J. S., & Lawrence, A. D. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00024 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Halbesleben, J. R. B., Wheeler, A. R., & Shanine, K. K. (2013) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031978 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Individual differences in valence modulation of face-selective m170 response.
JAPEE, S. A., Crocker, L., Carver, F. W., Pessoa, L., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0014487 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Changing the focus of attention: The interacting effect of valence and arousal
Fernandes, M. A., Koji, S., Dixon, M. J., & Aquino, J. M. (2011) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506285.2011.618151 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Frank, D. W., & Sabatinelli, D. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00116 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The fearful-face advantage is modulated by task demands: Evidence from the attentional blink.
Stein, T., Peelen, M. V., Funk, J., & Seidl, K. N. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0017814 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Enhanced Detection of Emotional Facial Expressions in Borderline Personality Disorder
Schulze, L., Domes, G., Köppen, D., & Herpertz, S. C. (2012) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000341730 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Frenkel, T. I., Lamy, D., Algom, D., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802076893 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The influence of anxiety on the initial selection of emotional faces presented in binocular rivalry
Gray, K. L. H., Adams, W. J., & Garner, M. J. (2009) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.06.009 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Reduced attentional blink for alcohol-related stimuli in heavy social drinkers
Tibboel, H., Houwer, J. D., & Field, M. (2009) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881109106977 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Vanderhasselt, M., Baeken, C., Hendricks, M., & Raedt, R. D. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.006 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Negative information enhances the attentional blink in dysphoria
Koster, E. H. W., Raedt, R. D., Verschuère, B., Tibboel, H., & de Jong, P. J. (2008) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20420 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The N170 to Angry Faces Predicts Anxiety in Typically Developing Children Over a Two-Year Period
O’Toole, L. J., DeCicco, J. M., Berthod, S., & Dennis, T. A. (2013) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2013.802321 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Putman, P., Hermans, E. J., & van Honk, J. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.09.010 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Temporal allocation of attention toward threat in individuals with posttraumatic stress symptoms
Amir, N., Taylor, C. T., Bomyea, J. A., & Badour, C. L. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.010 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Attractive faces temporally modulate visual attention
Nakamura, K., & Kawabata, H. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00620 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Oliveira, L., Mocaiber, I., David, I. A., Erthal, F. S., Volchan, E., & Pereira, M. G. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00364 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Cognitive-Emotion Interactions
Armony, J. L., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511843716.018 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Attentional control moderates fearful responding to a 35% CO(2) challenge.
Richey, J., Keough, M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2012) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.06.004 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Emotional modulation of the attentional blink and the relation to interpersonal reactivity
Kanske, P., Schönfelder, S., & Wessa, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00641 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Müsch, K., Engel, A. K., & Schneider, T. R. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041257 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Fox, E., Yates, A., & Ashwin, C. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0025321 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationFacial expression influences face identity recognition during the attentional blink.
Bach, D. R., Schmidt‐Daffy, M., & Dolan, R. J. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0037945 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Visser, T. A. W., Tang, M. F., Badcock, D. R., & Enns, J. T. (2014) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-014-0710-7 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
How preferential is the preferential encoding of threatening stimuli?
Reinecke, A., Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.06.004 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bonauto, S. M., Greuel, O. M., & Honeycutt, J. A. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105396 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sigurjónsdóttir, Ó., Sigurðardóttir, S., Bjornsson, A. S., & Kristjansson, A. K. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.01.005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Dynamics of Intersubject Brain Networks during Anxious Anticipation
Najafi, M., Kinnison, J., & Pessoa, L. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00552 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Amygdala responses to unpleasant pictures are influenced by task demands and positive affect trait
Sanchez, T. A., Mocaiber, I., Erthal, F. S., Joffily, M., Volchan, E., Pereira, M. G., de Araújo, D. B., & Oliveira, L. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00107 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The interaction between state and dispositional emotions in decision making: An ERP study
Wang, Y., Gu, R., Luo, Y., & Zhou, C. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.11.009 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Impaired emotional biases in visual attention after bilateral amygdala lesion
Domínguez‐Borràs, J., Moyne, M., Saj̈, A., Guex, R., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2019) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107292 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Zsido, A. N., Matuz, A., Inhóf, O., Darnai, G., Budai, T., Bandi, S. A., & Csathó, Á. (2019) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12429 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Yerys, B. E., Ruiz, E. D. R., Strang, J. F., Sokoloff, J. L., Kenworthy, L. E., & Vaidya, C. J. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12013 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Moriya, J., & Sugiura, Y. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00840 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
In the face of danger: Exploring the attentional blink to emotional facial expressions in PTSD
Schönenberg, M., & Abdelrahman, T. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.11.011 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Anxiety attenuates awareness of emotional faces during rapid serial visual presentation.
Dam, N. T. V., Earleywine, M., & Altarriba, J. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0024648 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Im, H. Y., Adams, R. B., Boshyan, J., Ward, N., Cushing, C. A., & Kveraga, K. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15495-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
From non-conscious processing to conscious events: a minimalist approach
Sklar, A. Y., Kardosh, R., & Hassin, R. R. (2021) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niab026 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Beyond attentional bias: A perceptual bias in a dot-probe task.
Bocanegra, B. R., Huijding, J., & Zeelenberg, R. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0028415 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bruchmann, M., Schindler, S., Dinyarian, M., & Straube, T. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13974 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Emotional Modulation of the Attentional Blink by Pleasant and Unpleasant Pictures
De, B. M., Villa, M., Cervantes, M., & Welbourne, T. (2012) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2012.708681 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Humeral resurfacing arthroplasty: rationale, indications, technique, and results.
Jensen, K. L. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Acosta, A., Megías, J. L., Dueñas, C. P., & Lupiáñez, J. (2010) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Immediate relativity: EEG reveals early engagement of comparison in social information processing.
Ohmann, K., Stähl, J., Mussweiler, T., & Kedia, G. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000222 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lewandowska, A., Rejer, I., Bortko, K., & Jankowski, J. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22020547 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Top-Down Attention and the Processing of Emotional Stimuli
Pessoa, L., Oliveira, L., & Pereira, M. G. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511843716.019 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ray, S. B., Mishra, M., & Srinivasan, N. (2020) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2020.1736517 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wang, Y., He, Y., Sheng, Z., & Yao, X. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09805-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Strauss, G. P., Catalano, L. T., Llerena, K., & Gold, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031212 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mechanisms of visual threat detection in specific phobia
Weierich, M. R., & Treat, T. A. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.960369 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Attentional Bias towards Threatening and Neutral Facial Expressions in High Trait Anxious Children
Kelly, L., Maratos, F. A., Lipka, S., & Croker, S. J. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.052915 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Gaze direction and facial expressions exert combined but different effects on attentional resources
Ricciardelli, P., Iani, C., Lugli, L., Pellicano, A., & Nicoletti, R. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.638907 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cognitive Style Moderates Attention to Attribution-Relevant Stimuli
Romens, S. E., MacCoon, D. G., Abramson, L. Y., & Pollak, S. D. (2010) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-010-9345-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Equivalent own name bias in autism: An EEG study of the Attentional Blink
Nijhof, A. D., zu Solz, J. V. T., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2021) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-021-00967-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Trait Anxiety and Attention: Cognitive Functioning as a Function of Attentional Demands
Leshem, R. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9884-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- FOX, E., RUSSO, R., & GEORGIOU, G. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Essex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- FOX, E.
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2005-12-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 396-404
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- PMC
- PMC1903373
- OpenAlex
- W2024883397
- Cited by
- 181
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 4.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Essex
- Wellcome Trust (064290, 064290/Z/ 01/Z)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- anxiety, emotion perception, emotional face processing, attentional blink, fearful faces, happy facial expressions, trait anxiety, state anxiety, attentional control, threat processing, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Attention, Emotions, Facial Expression, Fear, Female, Field Dependence-Independence, Humans, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Defense, Psychomotor Performance, Psychophysics, Reaction Time
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
