Differential neural responses to overt and covert presentations of facial expressions of fear and disgust
Abstract
There is debate in cognitive neuroscience whether conscious versus unconscious processing represents a categorical or a quantitative distinction. The purpose of the study was to explore this matter using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We first established objective thresholds of the critical temporal parameters for overt and covert presentations of fear and disgust. Next we applied these stimulus parameters in an fMRI experiment to determine whether non-consciously perceived (covert) facial expressions of fear and disgust show the same double dissociation (amygdala response to fear, insula to disgust) observed with consciously perceived (overt) stimuli. A backward masking paradigm was used. In the psychophysics experiment, the following parameters were established: 30-ms target duration for the covert condition, and 170-ms target duration for the overt condition. Results of the block-design fMRI study indicated substantial differences underlying the perception of fearful and disgusted facial expressions, with significant effects of both emotion and target duration. Findings for the overt condition (170 ms) confirm previous evidence of amygdala activation to fearful faces, and insula activation to disgusted faces, and a double dissociation between these two emotions. In the covert condition (30 ms), the amygdala was not activated to fear, nor was the insula activated to disgust. Overall, findings demonstrate significant differences between the neural responses to fear and to disgust, and between the covert presentations of these two emotions. These results therefore suggest distinct neural correlates of conscious and unconscious emotion perception.
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The pattern of response to faces depends on whether tasks require overt or covert processing of emotion.
“The pattern of response to faces depends on whether tasks require overt or covert processing of emotion (Phillips et al., 2004).”
From Affective Cognition and its Disruption in Mood Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Phillips et al., 2004
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- Authors
- Phillips, M. L., Williams, L. M., Heining, M., Herba, C. M., Russell, T., Andrew, C., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C. R., Morgan, M., Young, A. W., & Gray, J. A.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- City, University of London (GB)
- University of York (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Phillips, Mary L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1484-1496
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1983756578
- Cited by
- 314
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 9.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- amygdala, insula, double dissociation, emotion perception, backward masking, target duration, neural correlates of emotion
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amygdala, Arousal, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Discrimination Learning, Dominance, Cerebral, Emotions, Facial Expression, Fear, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perceptual Masking, Psychophysics, Reaction Time, Sensory Thresholds, Subliminal Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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