The attribution of value-based attentional priority in individuals with depressive symptoms
Open accessAbstract
The capture of attention by stimuli previously associated with reward has been demonstrated across a wide range of studies. Such value-based attentional priority appears to be robust, and cases where reward feedback fails to modulate subsequent attention have not been reported. However, individuals differ in their sensitivity to external rewards, and such sensitivity is abnormally blunted in depression. Here, we show that depressive symptomology is accompanied by insensitivity to value-based attentional bias. We replicate attentional capture by stimuli previously associated with reward in a control sample and show that these same reward-related stimuli do not capture attention in individuals experiencing symptoms of depression. This sharp contrast in performance indicates that value-based attentional biases depend on the normal functioning of the brain's reward system and suggests that a failure to preferentially attend to reward-related information may play a role in the experience of depression.
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Depressed patients exhibit blunted VDAC.
“while depressed patients exhibit blunted VDAC (Anderson, Leal, et al., 2014)”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Anderson, Leal, et al., 2014
The Discussion reports that individuals experiencing depressive symptoms largely ignored previously high-value stimuli, supporting blunted value-driven attentional capture. However, the Methods identify the participants as undergraduates, and the Discussion cautions that they did not necessarily meet diagnostic criteria for clinical depression; the finding therefore does not establish it for depressed patients. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeuronal activity in the striatum was elevated in response to distractors previously associated with high reward, relative to when previously reward-associated distractors were absent.
“In one fMRI study, neuronal activity in the striatum was observed to be elevated in response to distractors that were previously associated with high reward, relative to when previously reward-associated distractors were absent (Anderson, Leal, et al., 2014).”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Anderson, Leal, et al., 2014
The Methods and Results (Test Phase; page unavailable) compare high-value distractor trials with distractor-absent trials, but report response times, not striatal activity. A search of our copy for fMRI and striatal or neural activity found no passage reporting the claimed brain-activity difference. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeuronal activity in response to stimuli imbued with reward history is elevated along the visual hierarchy as early as (extra)striate cortex.
“These changes are reflected in modulations of neuronal firing such that neuronal activity in response to stimuli imbued with reward history is elevated along the visual hierarchy as early as (extra)striate cortex (e.g., Anderson, 2016b; Anderson, Leal, et al., 2014; Hickey et al., 2010a; Seitz et al., 2009; Serences, 2008; Serences & Saproo, 2010).”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Anderson, Leal, et al., 2014
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that reward-associated stimuli captured attention in controls but were largely ignored by participants with depressive symptoms. The Methods describe behavioral tasks, not measurements of neuronal firing. Searches for extrastriate cortex, the visual hierarchy, and neural responses found no passage in our copy establishing the claimed elevation in neuronal activity. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredReward-based selection history has also been reflected in activity of brain areas traditionally associated with attention, such as the OSC and IPS.
“Reward-based selection history has also been reflected in activity of brain areas traditionally associated with attention, such as the OSC and IPS (Anderson, Leal, et al., 2014; Hickey & Peelen, 2015; Peck et al., 2009).”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Anderson, Leal, et al., 2014
The Discussion reports that reward history affected attentional capture in controls but had little apparent effect in participants with depressive symptoms. It does not report activity in the OSC or IPS; searches for those regions and for neural activity found no passage supporting the claim. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“Importantly, a bias to attend to previously rewardpredicting stimuli is evident even when such stimuli are inconspicuous and task-irrelevant, indicating that reward history plays a distinct role in the guidance of attention (Anderson et al., 2011a, 2011b, 2014a, 2014b; Anderson and Yantis, 2012).”
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“Although our study is the first to test VDAC in children with ADHD, two recent studies have compared the magnitude of VDAC in healthy controls to inviduals with depression (Anderson et al. 2014b) and drug addiction (Anderson et al. 2013a).”
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Self-citationSemantic generalization of value-based attentional priorityPreprint
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Self-citationReward history but not search history explains value-driven attentional capture
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“…in RT between the high-valence distractor and distractorabsent conditions, as has been frequently used in studies examining individual differences in learning-dependent attentional capture (e.g., Anderson et al., 2011b, 2013, 2014b, 2016a, 2016b; Anderson & Yantis, 2012; Qi et al., 2013).”
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Self-citationOn the feature specificity of value-driven attention
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Self-citationBeyond negativity: Motivational relevance as cause of attentional bias to positive stimuli
Vogt, J., Bajandouh, Y., & Alzubaidi, U. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816660-4.00001-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hertz‐Palmor, N., Rozenblit, D., Lavi, S., Zeltser, J., Kviatek, Y., & Lazarov, A. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723002519 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…exhibit an intact ability to learn stimulus – reward associations, these fail in producing subsequent changes in attention processes, characteristic of non-depressed individuals (Anderson, 2017; Anderson, Leal, Hall, Yassa, & Yantis, 2014; Brailean, Koster, Hoorelbeke, & De Raedt, 2014).”
InfluentialGrahek, I., Schettino, A., Koster, E. H. W., & Andersen, . K. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01762 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Freichel, R., Mrkonja, L., de Jong, P. J., Cousijn, J., Franken, I. H. A., Ruiter, T. A., Pelley, M. E. L., Albertella, L., Watson, P., Veer, I. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087231204166 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…sensitivity to reward in depression, especially in individuals exhibiting anhedonia (Pizzagalli, 2014; Zald & Treadway, 2017), but to date, only a handful of them (Anderson et al., 2014, 2017) have studied blunted reward-processing speci fi - cally in terms of value-driven attentional capture.”
BackgroundReward‐related distracters and working memory filtering
Ward, R. T., Miskovich, T. A., Stout, D. M., Bennett, K. P., Lotfi, S., & Larson, C. L. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13402 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…downstream consequences of attentional capture of irrelevant reward may inform neurocognitive models of the etiology of psychopathology characteristic of reward dysfunction (e.g., addiction, depression; Anderson, Faulkner, Rilee, Yantis, & Marvel, 2013; Anderson, Leal, Hall, Yassa, & Yantis, 2014).”
BackgroundPetrican, R., & Grady, C. L. (2019) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.01.021 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This pattern of results is likely due to the aberrant processing of motivational salience linked to periods of poorer affective functioning (Admon et al., 2015; Ait Oumeziane and Foti, 2016; Anderson et al., 2014; Bress et al., 2013; Nelson et al., 2017; Shankman et al., 2013; Stringaris et al., 2015; Ubl et al., 2015…”
Toobaei, M., Taghavi, M. R., & Jobson, L. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06847-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Likewise, Anderson et al. [2] showed that reward sensitivities were lower in people with depression than in healthy controls.”
Approach and avoidance movements modulate value-driven attentional capture.
Suh, J., & Abrams, R. A. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000706 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rewarding outcomes enhance attentional capture and delay attentional disengagement
Yan, M., Meng, Z., Hu, N., & Chen, A. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.15868 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…(Albertella et al., 2019), and HIV+ patients with a history of risk-taking behavior (Anderson et al., 2016), whereas insufficient attention to reward-related stimuli is associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression (Anderson et al., 2014; Sali et al., 2018).”
Diminishing sensitivity and absolute difference in value-driven attention
Kim, S., Harman, J. L., & Beck, M. R. (2022) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.22.1.12 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…is typical in the training phase of the value-driven attention paradigm, not a lack of difference in learned associated value between the colors (e.g., Anderson, 2015; Anderson et al., 2011; Anderson, Leal, Hall, Yassa, & Yantis, 2014; Kim & Beck, 2020b; Roper et al., 2014; Wang, Yu, & Zhou, 2013).”
BackgroundThe effect of chronic academic stress on attentional bias towards value-associated stimuli
Song, Z., Gao, H., & Qi, M. (2024) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218241297862 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Patients with depression show diminished anticipation (McFarland & Klein, 2009) or even an absence of attentional bias towards value-associated stimuli compared with the control group (Anderson et al., 2014).”
Zhao, X., Hu, J., Liu, M., Li, Q., & Yang, Q. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104664 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Neural Substrates of Individual Differences in Reward Sensitivity in Mental Health
Zald, D. H., & Dennis, N. J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-77967-1_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The manifold role of reward value on visual attention
Roper, Z. J. J., Vaidya, J. G., Vecera, S. P., Wasserman, E. A., Hazeltine, E., & Voss, M. (2015) · doi:10.17077/etd.5qy3qyg9
“, 2015) and decreased VDAC in persons with depression (Anderson et al., 2014).”
BackgroundTerpstra, A. R., & Todd, R. M. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zdt36
An examination of how reward associations differentially facilitate and impair Stroop performancePreprint
Pitchford, B., & Arnell, K. M. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/36gp7
Randomized Gaze-Contingent Music Reward Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder in Adolescents
Gupta, S., & Gupta, R. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-1699-3_48
Reward learning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an attentional perspective
Basel, D., Asher, R., & Lazarov, A. (2025) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-025-10167-5
“…of reward-based selection history in depression, including those using the VMAC task, show reduced effects of prior reward learn - ing on subsequent attention allocation among depressed participants (Anderson et al., 2014, 2017; Hertz-Palmor et al., 2023; Pizzagalli, 2014; Zald & Treadway, 2017).”
Hu, J., & Zhao, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1692037
“Behavioral studies indicate that conditioned stimuli linked to scores/money fail to affect the response time for individuals with depressive symptoms (13 – 15).”
A Mouse-Tracking Paradigm for Value-Driven Attentional Capture
Chen, Y., Geng, F., Gong, M., Zhou, H. J., & Hu, Y. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16081273
“Furthermore, such research is essential for developing interventions that mitigate the disruptive impact of these potent cues (Anderson et al., 2014, 2016; Anderson, 2021; Dayan, 2009).”
- Authors
- Anderson, B. A., Leal, S. L., Hall, M. G., Yassa, M. A., & Yantis, S.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Anderson, Brian A.
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2014-05-30
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1221-1227
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- PMC
- PMC4221358
- OpenAlex
- W2000027240
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 3.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (T32AG027668)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA013165, F31DA033754)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- attentional capture, reward, depression, depressive symptoms, reward sensitivity, reward systems, attentional bias
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Attention, Choice Behavior, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Photic Stimulation, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reaction Time, Reward, Bias, Young Adult
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