Respond, don’t react: The influence of mindfulness training on performance monitoring in older adults
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A sizeable body of literature demonstrates positive effects of mindfulness training on brain, behavior, and psychological processes in both novice and expert practitioners as compared to non-meditators. However, only more recently has research begun to examine the specific mechanisms by which mindfulness exerts these effects. In the current study, we used event-related potentials (error-related negativity (ERN), error positivity (Pe)) to test the hypothesis that performance monitoring is one such mechanism. We conducted a randomized controlled trial in healthy older adults (n = 36), relevant because markers of performance monitoring are known to decline with normal aging. Compared to an active control condition, mindfulness participants showed an increase in the ERN, without an increase in the Pe. Participants in both groups reported a reduction in self-report of anxiety and self-judgment of one's own mental functioning, indicating the subjective impression of benefit from each intervention type. The current results are important insofar as they support the purported self-regulatory functions of mindfulness (i.e., learning to respond, not react), as well as demonstrating that such positive effects can be obtained in an older adult sample, both of which have important implications for intervention.
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Smart et al. found that immediately post-intervention in both groups a trend in decrease in cognitive complaints, increase in memory self-efficacy, reduction in self-reported anxiety, and self-judgment of one's own mental functioning was detected.
“The results were similar to a smaller study by Smart et al. [55, 56], where immediately post-intervention in both groups a trend in decrease in cognitive complaints, increase in memory self-efficacy, reduction in self-reported anxiety, and self-judgment of one’s own mental functioning was detected.”
From Psychotherapeutic interventions in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s dementia: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [56]
The Self-report measures and Impact of mindfulness training on performance monitoring sections report reduced anxiety in both groups after intervention and an indirect change in non-judgment related to anxiety. They do not report a post-intervention decrease in cognitive complaints or an increase in memory self-efficacy. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTwo research groups investigated the effects of psychoeducation with MBSR-based therapy on individuals with SCD (n = 147, n = 38).
“Two research groups investigated the effects of psychoeducation with MBSR-based therapy on individuals with SCD (n = 147 [68, 69], n = 38 [55, 56]).”
From Psychotherapeutic interventions in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s dementia: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [56]
The Procedures section describes an MBSR-based mindfulness intervention compared with psychoeducation, and Table 1 reports 38 participants. But only 15 of the 38 had subjective cognitive decline; the other 23 were healthy controls. The two therapies were separate study arms, not a combined treatment. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA total of four research groups described psychoeducational interventions for individuals with SCD alone or in combination with cognitive training and CBT-based interventions and MBSR-based interventions.
“A total of four research groups described psychoeducational interventions alone [61] or in combination with cognitive training and CBT-based interventions [66] and MBSR-based interventions [55, 56, 68, 69]”
From Psychotherapeutic interventions in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s dementia: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [56]
The Procedures section describes an MBSR-based mindfulness program studied in older adults, including participants with subjective cognitive decline. It also describes psychoeducation as a separate control condition, not as an intervention combined with the mindfulness program; participants were not exclusively people with subjective cognitive decline. Our copy provides no page number for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAll 6 papers focusing on interventions for individuals with SCD were carried out within randomized controlled trials.
“All were carried out within randomized controlled trials [55, 56, 61, 66, 68, 69].”
From Psychotherapeutic interventions in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s dementia: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [56]
With regard to psychotherapeutic interventions, no data in individuals with SCD were identified, while data regarding psychoeducational approaches addressing individuals with SCD are available from four research groups.
“With regard to psychotherapeutic interventions, no data in individuals with SCD were identified, while data regarding psychoeducational approaches addressing individuals with SCD are available from four research groups [55, 56, 61, 66, 68, 69].”
From Psychotherapeutic interventions in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s dementia: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [56]
Existing quantitative data did not show significant effects on mood of MBSR-based interventions as compared to control conditions.
“Though existing quantitative data did not show significant effects on mood of MBSR-based interventions as compared to control conditions [46, 47, 55–58, 68, 69]”
From Psychotherapeutic interventions in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s dementia: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [56]
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Osborn, M., Shankar, S., Szymanski, O., Gunningham, K., Caldwell, B., Perera, M. P. N., Michael, J. A., Wang, M., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Bailey, N. W. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-02009-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Role of Mindfulness in Neurorehabilitation: From the Monastery to the Clinic
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Not So Fast? Rapid Response to Voice Leads to Perceived Inauthenticity
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- Authors
- Smart, C. M., & Segalowitz, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Victoria (CA)
- Brock University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Smart, Colette M.
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2017-10-02
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1151-1163
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- OpenAlex
- W2763452903
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 4.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alzheimer Society (Young Investigator Award #1216)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- mindfulness training, performance monitoring, error-related negativity, error positivity, older adults, aging, self-regulation, anxiety, event-related potentials
- MeSH terms
- Self-Control, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Brain, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Neuronal Plasticity, Perception, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome, Executive Function, Self Report, Diagnostic Self Evaluation, Cognitive Dysfunction, Mindfulness
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