Motivation of extended behaviors by anterior cingulate cortex

Holroyd, Clay B.; Yeung, Nick

doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.12.008

Cited by 618Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorMemory and Neural Mechanisms

Motivation of extended behaviors by anterior cingulate cortex

Holroyd, Clay B., Yeung, Nick·2012·Trends in Cognitive Sciences

DOI 10.1016/j.tics.2011.12.008

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Abstract

Intense research interest over the past decade has yielded diverse and often discrepant theories about the function of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). In particular, a dichotomy has emerged between neuropsychological theories suggesting a primary role for ACC in motivating or 'energizing' behavior, and neuroimaging-inspired theories emphasizing its contribution to cognitive control and reinforcement learning. To reconcile these views, we propose that ACC supports the selection and maintenance of 'options' - extended, context-specific sequences of behavior directed toward particular goals - that are learned through a process of hierarchical reinforcement learning. This theory accounts for ACC activity in relation to learning and control while simultaneously explaining the effects of ACC damage as disrupting the motivational context supporting the production of goal-directed action sequences.

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Modern theories of motivation describe motivational states as the output of a computation where expected value of an action is weighed against anticipated costs (energetic, opportunity, hedonic).
“Consequently, modern theories of motivation increasingly describe motivational states as the output of a computation (calculation), where the expected value of an action is weighed against anticipated costs. These include energetic costs, as all goal pursuit will require the expenditure of metabolic energy, opportunity costs, as the pursuit of one goal might block progress towards another, hedonic”
From Motivation in the Service of Allostasis: The Role of Anterior Mid-Cingulate Cortex (2019) · cites this paper as Holroyd and Yeung, 2012
The aMCC is a cortical structural and functional hub that could fulfill the role of integrating motor and visceromotor signals to motivate behavior.
“A number of neuroimaging studies (Holroyd and Yeung, 2012; Vassena et al., 2017; Vogt, 2016) suggest that the aMCC is a cortical structural and functional hub that could fulfill such a role of integrating motor and visceromotor signals to motivate behavior.”
From Motivation in the Service of Allostasis: The Role of Anterior Mid-Cingulate Cortex (2019) · cites this paper as Holroyd and Yeung, 2012
Anterior cingulate cortex is related to computation of prediction errors based on one's current state and expected state, resulting in motivation for approaching or avoiding stimuli to restore balance.
“Anterior cingulate cortex was related to the computation of prediction errors based on one’s current state and the expected state (Paulus et al., 2013), which resulted in the motivation of individuals for approaching or avoiding stimuli (Holroyd and Yeung, 2012) to restore balance (Khalsa and Lapidus, 2016).”
From Enhanced Resting-State Functional Connectivity With Decreased Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuations of the Salience Network in Mindfulness Novices (2022) · cites this paper as Holroyd and Yeung, 2012

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Authors: Holroyd, C. B., & Yeung, N.
Affiliations: University of Victoria (CA)
University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author: Holroyd, Clay B.
ORCID: Holroyd, Clay B.
Yeung, Nick
Venue: Trends in Cognitive Sciences
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2012-02
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Pages: 122-128
ISSN: 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.12.008
OpenAlex: W2057733150
Cited by: 618
References: 72
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 2.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (P50 MH62196, P50MH062196)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: anterior cingulate cortex, motivation, goal-directed action, hierarchical reinforcement learning, cognitive control, option selection, behavioral sequences
MeSH terms: Akinetic Mutism, Behavior, Dopamine, Goals, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Motivation, Psychomotor Performance, Reinforcement, Psychology

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Motivation of extended behaviors by anterior cingulate cortex

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