Does response mode affect amount recalled or the magnitude of the testing effect?
Open accessAbstract
The testing effect is the finding that retrieval practice can enhance recall on future tests. One unanswered question is whether first-test response mode (writing or speaking the answer) affects final-test performance (and whether final-test response mode itself matters). An additional unsettled issue is whether written and oral recall lead to differences in the amount recalled. In three experiments, we examined these issues: whether subjects can recall more via typing or speaking; whether typing or speaking answers on a first test can lead to better final-test performance (and whether an interaction occurs with final-test response mode) and whether any form of overt response leads to better final-test performance as compared to covert retrieval (thinking of the answer but not producing it). Subjects studied paired associates; took a first test by typing, speaking, or thinking about responses; and then took a second test in which the answers were either spoken or typed. The results revealed few differences between typing and speaking during recall, and no difference in the size of the testing effect on the second test. Furthermore, an initial covert retrieval yielded roughly the same benefit to future test performance as did overt retrieval. Thus, the testing effect was quite robust across these manipulations. The practical implication for learning is that covert retrieval provides as much benefit to later retention as does overt retrieval and that both can be effective study strategies.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Covert (silent) retrieval practice is an effective learning tool.
“That is, covert (silent) retrieval practice is an effective learning tool (Putnam & Roediger 2013).”
From Practicing Retrieval Facilitates Learning (2021) · cites this paper as Putnam & Roediger 2013
Cites
REMEMBERING: A STUDY IN EXPERIMENTAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Bartlett, F. C., & Burt, C. (1933) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1933.tb02913.x · Cited by 7,475 · see citing works
(1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 6,051 · see citing works
Six views of embodied cognition
Wilson, M. (2002) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196322 · Cited by 4,782 · see citing works
Test-Enhanced Learning: Taking Memory Tests Improves Long-Term Retention
Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x · Cited by 2,867 · see citing works
Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology
Ebbinghaus, H. (2013) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.5214/ans.0972.7531.200408 · Cited by 2,827 · see citing works
Bartlett, F. C., & Kintsch, W. (1995) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511759185 · Cited by 2,408 · see citing works
Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing
Morris, C. D., Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1977) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(77)80016-9 · Cited by 2,296 · see citing works
The power of testing memory: Basic research and implications for educational practice
Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00012.x · Cited by 2,037 · see citing works
The University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms
Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Schreiber, T. A. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03195588 · Cited by 1,961 · see citing works
The Critical Importance of Retrieval for Learning
Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1152408 · Cited by 1,791 · see citing works
The influence of retrieval on retention
Carrier, L. M., & Pashler, H. (1992) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03202713 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Nelson, T. O., & Dunlosky, J. (1991) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1991.tb00147.x · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Test format and corrective feedback modify the effect of testing on long-term retention
Kang, S. H. K., McDermott, K. B., & Roediger, H. L. (2007) · European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440601056620 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Feedback enhances the positive effects and reduces the negative effects of multiple-choice testing
Butler, A. C., & Roediger, H. L. (2008) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.36.3.604 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Ten Benefits of Testing and Their Applications to Educational Practice
Roediger, H. L., III, Putnam, A. L., & Smith, M. A. (2011) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387691-1.00001-6 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Self-citationThe production effect: Delineation of a phenomenon.
MacLeod, C. M., Gopie, N., Hourihan, K. L., Neary, K. R., & Ozubko, J. D. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0018785 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Recitation As a Factor in Memorizing
Gates, A. I. (2010) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Importance of the kind of cue for judgments of learning (JOL) and the delayed-JOL effect
Dunlosky, J. T., & Nelson, T. O. (1992) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03210921 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
The effects of tests on learning and forgetting.
Carpenter, S. K., Pashler, H., Wixted, J. T., & Vul, E. (2008) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.36.2.438 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Disparate Effects of Repeated Testing: Reconciling Ballard's (1913) and Bartlett's (1932) Results
Wheeler, M. A., & Roediger, H. L. (1992) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00036.x · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Altering memory representations through retrieval.
McDaniel, M. A., & Masson, M. E. J. (1985) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.11.2.371 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Dunlosky, J. T., & Nelson, T. O. (1994) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1994.1026 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Modality effects in short-term verbal memory.
Penney, C. G. (1975) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0076166 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Test-potentiated learning: Distinguishing between direct and indirect effects of tests.
Arnold, K. M., & McDermott, K. B. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0029199 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
When Predictions Create Reality: Judgments of Learning May Alter What They Are Intended to Assess
Spellman, B. A., & Bjork, R. A. (1992) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00680.x · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Processing approaches to cognition: The impetus from the levels-of-processing framework
Roediger, H. L., III, Gallo, D. A., & Geraci, L. D. (2002) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210224000144 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
On the analysis of the factor of recall in the learning process.
Abott, E. E. (1909) · The Psychological Monographs · doi:10.1037/h0093018 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Conway, M., & Gathercole, S. E. (1987) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(87)90118-5 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Learning from tests: Effects of spacing
Whitten, W. B., & Bjork, R. A. (1977) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(77)80040-6 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Covert retrieval practice benefits retention as much as overt retrieval practice.
Smith, M. A., Roediger, H. L., III, & Karpicke, J. D. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0033569 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Pronunciation effects in recognition memory
Hopkins, R. H., & Edwards, R. E. (1972) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80036-7 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Delaying judgments of learning affects memory, not metamemory
Kimball, D. R., & Metcalfe, J. (2003) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03196445 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Enhancing Retention Through Reconsolidation
Finn, B., & Roediger, H. L., III (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611407932 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION: Cognition in Education
(2011) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387691-1.00011-9 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Reinforcement-Test Sequences in Paired-Associate Learning
Izawa, C. (1966) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1966.18.3.879 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Recall facilitates subsequent recognition.
Wenger, S. K., Thompson, C. P., & Bartling, C. A. (1980) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.6.2.135 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Memory for remembered events: Effects of response mode and response-produced feedback
Gardiner, J. M., Passmore, C., Herriot, P., & Klee, H. (1977) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(77)80006-6 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Are Written and Spoken Recall of Text Equivalent?
Kellogg, R. T. (2007) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/20445412 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Input and output modality effects in immediate serial recall
Harvey, A. J., & Beaman, C. P. (2007) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210701644677 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Vocalized and Silent Tests in Paired-Associate Learning
Izawa, C. (1976) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421466 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 41 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The effect of testing versus restudy on retention: A meta-analytic review of the testing effect.
Rowland, C. A. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037559 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Rethinking the Use of Tests: A Meta-Analysis of Practice Testing
Adesope, O. O., Trevisan, D. A., & Sundararajan, N. (2017) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654316689306 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Retrieval-Based Learning: An Episodic Context Account
Karpicke, J. D., Lehman, M. S., & Aue, W. R. (2012) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Karpicke, J. D., Lehman, M., & Aue, W. R. (2014) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800283-4.00007-1 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
van Gog, T., & Sweller, J. (2015) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-015-9310-x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Practicing Retrieval Facilitates Learning
McDermott, K. B. (2021) · Annual review of psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-051019 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Covert retrieval practice benefits retention as much as overt retrieval practice.
Smith, M. A., Roediger, H. L., III, & Karpicke, J. D. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0033569 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Hoogerheide, V., Deijkers, L., Loyens, S. M. M., Heijltjes, A. E. G., & van Gog, T. (2016) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.02.005 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Optimizing Learning in College
Putnam, A. L., Sungkhasettee, V. W., & Roediger, H. L., III (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616645770 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationA dual memory theory of the testing effect
Rickard, T. C., & Pan, S. C. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1298-4 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Testing enhances both encoding and retrieval for both tested and untested items
Cho, K. W., Neely, J. H., Crocco, S., & Vitrano, D. (2016) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2016.1175485 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Do judgments of learning directly enhance learning of educational materials?
Ariel, R., Karpicke, J. D., Witherby, A. E., & Tauber, S. K. (2021) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09556-8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
When Misinformation Improves Memory
Putnam, A. L., Sungkhasettee, V. W., & Roediger, H. L., III (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616672268 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationInvestigating the testing effect: Retrieval as a characteristic of effective study strategies
Bae, C. L. L., Therriault, D. J., & Redifer, J. L. (2018) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.12.008 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-reported use of retrieval practice varies across age and domain
Tullis, J. G., & Maddox, G. B. (2020) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-020-09223-x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Mama, Y., & Icht, M. (2014) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2014.986135 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Testing prepares students to learn better: The forward effect of testing in category learning.
Lee, H. S., & Ahn, D. (2017) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000211 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Does covert retrieval benefit learning of key-term definitions?
Tauber, S. K., Witherby, A. E., Dunlosky, J. T., Rawson, K. A., Putnam, A. L., & Roediger, H. L., III (2017) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.10.004 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Influence of Retrieval Practice Versus Delayed Judgments of Learning on Memory
Tauber, S. K., Dunlosky, J. T., & Rawson, K. A. (2015) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000296 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Transfer-appropriate processing in the testing effect
Veltre, M. T., Cho, K. W., & Neely, J. H. (2014) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2014.970196 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
How crucial is the response format for the testing effect?
Jönsson, F. U., Kubik, V., Sundqvist, M. L., Todorov, I., & Jonsson, B. (2013) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-013-0522-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Abel, M., & Roediger, H. L., III (2016) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-016-0641-8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The testing effect in a social setting: Does retrieval practice benefit a listener?
Abel, M., & Roediger, H. L., III (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000148 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Metacognitive judgments can potentiate new learning: The role of covert retrieval
Kubik, V., Koslowski, K., Schubert, T., & Aslan, A. (2022) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-022-09307-w · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The effect of recall, reproduction, and restudy on word learning: a pre-registered study
Krishnan, S., Watkins, K. E., & Bishop, D. (2017) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-017-0198-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kubik, V., Jönsson, F. U., de Jonge, M., & Arshamian, A. (2020) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021820945560 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Does testing with feedback improve adult spelling skills relative to copying and reading?
Pan, S. C., Rubin, B. R., & Rickard, T. C. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000062 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sundqvist, M. L., Mäntylä, T., & Jönsson, F. U. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01018 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Is retrieval the key? Metamemory judgment and testing as learning strategies
Akdoğan, E., Izaute, M., Danion, J., Vidailhet, P., & Bacon, É. (2015) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2015.1112812 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kubik, V., Olofsson, J., Nilsson, L., & Jönsson, F. U. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2015.1111378 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Influence of retrieval mode on effects of production: Evidence for costs in free recall.
Mama, Y., & Icht, M. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/cep0000090 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Vocabulary Learning During Reading: Benefits of Contextual Inferences Versus Retrieval Opportunities
van den Broek, G. S. E., Wesseling, E., Huijssen, L., Lettink, M., & van Gog, T. (2022) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.13135 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
An older adult advantage in autobiographical recall
Badham, S. P., Justice, L. V., Jones, L. N., & Myers, J. A. C. (2022) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2022.2063789 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Retrieval practice opportunities in middle school mathematics teachers’ oral questions
Fazio, L. K. (2018) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12250 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The effect of delayed judgments of learning on retention
Tekin, E., & Roediger, H. L., III (2021) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-021-09260-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Test-potentiated learning of motor sequences
Tempel, T., & Kubik, V. (2016) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2016.1171880 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Does the reactivity effect of judgments of learning transfer to learning of new information?
Li, B., Zhao, W., Shi, A., Zhong, Y., Hu, X., Liu, M., Luo, L., & Yang, C. (2023) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2023.2208792 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Spaced Retrieval Practice: Can Restudying Trump Retrieval?
Higham, P. A., Fastrich, G. M., Potts, R., Murayama, K., Pickering, J. S., & Hadwin, J. A. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09809-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kleiman, A. M., Potter, J. F., Bechtel, A. J., Forkin, K. T., Dunn, L. K., Collins, S. R., Lyons, G. R., Nemergut, E. C., & Huffmyer, J. L. (2019) · AJP Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.00047.2018 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Retrieval Practice Hypothesis in Research on Learning by Teaching: Current Status and Challenges
Kobayashi, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.842668 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zhao, W., Xu, M., Xu, C., Li, B., Hu, X., Yang, C., & Luo, L. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11100190 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kubik, V., Jönsson, F. U., Knopf, M., & Mack, W. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01632 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Raaijmakers, J. G. W. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn108 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
An asynchronous middleware for Grid resource monitoring
Quéma, V., Lachaize, R., & Cecchet, E. (2004) · Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/cpe.831 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Is recitation an effective tool for adult learners?
McDermott, K. B., & Naaz, F. (2014) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.06.006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gilmore, A. W., Nelson, S. M., Naaz, F., Shaffer, R. A., & McDermott, K. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx264 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Response Format, Not Semantic Activation, Influences the Failed Retrieval Effect
Tanaka, S., Miyatani, M., & Iwaki, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00599 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Confidence ratings are better predictors of future performance than delayed judgments of learning
Putnam, A. L., Deng, W., & DeSoto, K. A. (2022) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2022.2026973 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationAbrufeffekte im Gedächtnis: Ein Überblick zur aktuellen Grundlagenforschung
Tempel, T., & Pastötter, B. (2021) · Psychologische Rundschau · doi:10.1026/0033-3042/a000517 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ha, H., & Lee, H. S. (2023) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-023-09341-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Older Patients’ Recall of Lifestyle Discussions in Primary Care
Bardach, S. H., Schoenberg, N. E., & Howell, B. M. (2015) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464815574095 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Achieving Testing Effects in an Authentic College Classroom
Shobe, E. R. (2021) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/00986283211015669 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ha, H., & Lee, H. S. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09899-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Awareness and Implementation of Evidence-Based Learning Strategies Among STEM Faculty
Wissman, K. T., & Leontyev, A. (2024) · Journal of College Science Teaching · doi:10.1080/0047231x.2024.2363118 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lineweaver, T. T., Hall, A. C. G., Hilycord, D., & Vitelli, S. (2019) · Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning · doi:10.14434/josotl.v19i1.23734 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wang, X., Liu, X., Chen, L., Feng, K., Ye, Q., & Haoliang, Z. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11060101 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Active Retrieval Improves Procedural Learning in Orthopedic Surgery
Ndoja, S., Dion, C.-A. B., Pirshahid, A. A., Charron, B. P., Durocher, A. M., McCarton, A., & LeBel, M. (2022) · Journal of surgical education · doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2022.05.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Retrieval practice transfer effects for multielement event triplets
Pickering, J. S., Henderson, L. M., & Horner, A. J. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.201456 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The influence of summary modality on metacomprehension accuracy
Madison, E. M., & Fulton, E. K. (2021) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-021-09277-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Retrieval practice and verbal-visuospatial transfer: From memorization to inductive learning
Hughes, G. I., & Thomas, A. K. (2022) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2022.104402 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Judgments of learning reactively affect memory by inducing covert retrieval
Zhang, X., Guo, Y., Jiang, Y., & Yuan, Y. (2024) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2024.2409785 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Yu, Y., Zhao, W., Li, A., Shanks, D. R., Hu, X., Luo, L., & Yang, C. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10024-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The study strategies of small liberal arts college students before and after COVID-19
Rinella, H. L., & Putnam, A. L. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278666 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationRetrieval practice may not benefit mathematical word-problem solving
Huang, X., Zheng, S., Yu, Z., & Chen, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1093653 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Spacing effects in learning and memory
Carpenter, S. K., & Pan, S. C. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15754-7.00020-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Covert and overt retrieval are equally beneficial for learning a third language vocabulary
Li, J., Cao, H.-W., & Li, D. (2024) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.1080/14790718.2024.2443593 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
PRÁTICA DE LEMBRAR: A QUAIS FATORES OS EDUCADORES DEVEM SE ATENTAR?
Ekuni, R., & Pompéia, S. (2020) · Psicologia Escolar e Educacional · doi:10.1590/2175-35392020220284 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Does Covert Retrieval Benefit Adolescents’ Learning in 8th Grade Science Classes?
Witherby, A. E., Northern, P. E., & Tauber, S. K. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15070843 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A combination of restudy and retrieval practice maximizes retention of briefly encountered facts
Ashby, S. R., & Zeithamová, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Cognition · doi:10.3389/fcogn.2023.1258955 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Imundo, M. N., Zung, I., Whatley, M. C., & Pan, S. C. (2024) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-024-09406-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Is perceiving another’s error detrimental to learning from corrective feedback?
Iwaki, N., Tomisawa, M., Suzumori, R., Kikuchi, A., Takahashi, I., Tanaka, S., & Yamamoto, S. (2020) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2020.1717052 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
How Do Voters Remember Flip-Flopping? Memorial and Social Consequences of Change Recollection
Heet, T. L. (2015) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k73x84ks
Adam Lewis Putnam! Curriculum Vitae!
Roediger, H. L., III, Balota, D. A., Dobbins, I. G., Craver, C. F., & Wertsch, J. V. (2014)
An Investigation of Individual Differences in the Testing Effect
Kern, M. B. (2014) · doi:10.7916/d8xs5t05
ASSESSMENT OF ESSAYS IN A MANAGEMENT SCIENCE COURSE
Williams, J. A. S., Stanny, C. J., Reid, R. C., Hill, C., Rankin, M., & Rosa, K. M. (2015)
The Nature and Perceived Influence of Lifestyle Discussions with Older Adults in Primary Care
Bardach, S. H. (2013) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Retrieval practice transfer effects for multielement event tripletsPreprint
Pickering, J. S., Henderson, L. M., & Horner, A. J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/54bgy
A Modified Recipe for Interactive Classroom Demonstrations
Nazarian, R. H. (2022) · The Physics Teacher · doi:10.1119/5.0042862
On the cost and benefits of restudying: exploring the list strength effect in self-guided learning
Laursen, S. J., Farrell, B. C. T., & Fiacconi, C. M. (2024) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2024.2307927
Ahoomanesh, M., Shahnazari, M., & Ketabi, S. (2024) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571736.2024.2400290
Rivers, M. L., Northern, P. E., & Tauber, S. K. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10040-4
The influence of emotion regulation strategy on covert and overt retrieval practice effects
Zhang, Q., & Ma, X. (2025) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-025-02159-4
The influences of emotion on covert and overt retrieval practice effects
Zhang, Q., Ma, X., & Qiang, X. (2025) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2566297
A Special Issue Introduction: Educational Applications of Cognitive Psychology
Little, J. L., & Bjork, E. L. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16050713
The Impact of Explicit and Implicit Extraction on the Extraction Process
黄, 正. (2026) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2026.165246
- Authors
- Putnam, A. L., & Roediger, H. L.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Putnam, Adam L.
- ORCID
- Putnam, Adam L.
- Venue
- Memory & Cognition
- Published
- 2012-08-17
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 36-48
- ISSN
- 0090-502X (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5946
- OpenAlex
- W2117744500
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Memory & Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- James S. McDonnell Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- testing effect, retrieval practice, response mode, typing, speaking, paired associates, retention, study habits
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Humans, Paired-Associate Learning, Practice, Psychological, Mental Recall, Speech, Thinking, Writing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
