CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 39Sleep and Wakefulness ResearchMemory Processes and InfluencesMemory and Neural Mechanisms

When does sleep affect veridical and false memory consolidation? A meta-analysis

Open access
Newbury, Chloe Rhianne, Monaghan, Padraic·2019·Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
DOI 10.3758/s13423-018-1528-4PMC PMC6488554
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

It is widely accepted that sleep aids in the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval processes involved in memory processing; however, the conditions under which sleep influences memory may be substantially constrained. In a meta-analysis, we examined the effects that sleep has on both veridical (accurate) and false memory consolidation, in studies using the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm for memory of thematically related words. The meta-analysis revealed that, whereas there was no overall effect of sleep on either accurate or false memories, the effect of sleep on overall memories was moderated by two constraints. First, sleep effects were influenced by the number of words within each themed word list, relating to differences in processing of the associative network of related words. Second, sleep effects were greater in recall than in recognition tests. Thus, whether sleep consolidation increased or decreased DRM veridical or false memory effects depended on the specific features of the memory task.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3758/s13423-018-1528-4

Cites

10 of 10 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • For associative memory, sleep increases gist extraction and false recall but decreases false recognition for longer study lists.

    “For associative memory, sleep increases gist extraction and false recall but decreases false recognition for longer study lists [25]”

    From Sleep and memory consolidation in healthy, neurotypical children, and adults: a summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. (2023) · cites this paper as [25]

    The Results sections on recall versus recognition and number of words report increased false recall after sleep and decreased false recognition for 15-word lists. The paper discusses gist generation as a possible mechanism, but does not establish that sleep increases gist extraction. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Sleep promotes spreading activation when fewer related 'lure' words are presented, enhancing true and false recall.

    “Sleep promotes spreading activation when fewer related 'lure' words are presented, enhancing true and false recall.”

    From Sleep and memory consolidation in healthy, neurotypical children, and adults: a summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. (2023) · cites this paper as [25]

    The Discussion reports that, in recall studies using shorter word lists, sleep was associated with increases in both veridical and false memory, consistent with sleep-dependent spreading activation. But the claim misidentifies the words presented: the lists contained fewer related words, while the lure words were unseen, as the paper’s description of the DRM paradigm explains. Page numbers were not supplied in the copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • For longer lists with greater overlap, sleep-dependent consolidation is reduced, decreasing false recognition.

    “But for longer lists with greater overlap, sleep-dependent consolidation is reduced, decreasing false recognition [25].”

    From Sleep and memory consolidation in healthy, neurotypical children, and adults: a summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. (2023) · cites this paper as [25]

    The Results (Moderator analysis: Number of words; page unavailable) report less false recognition after sleep than wake for 15-word lists, and the Discussion describes longer lists as having denser semantic associations. The paper proposes that this makes a benefit from sleep-related spreading activation less likely to be detected; it does not establish that sleep-dependent consolidation itself is reduced or causes the decrease in false recognition. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • There is no greater relative benefit for emotional memory in veridical consolidation during sleep.

    “although no greater relative benefit for emotional memory was observed [25].”

    From Sleep and memory consolidation in healthy, neurotypical children, and adults: a summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. (2023) · cites this paper as [25]

  • Veridical consolidation during sleep appears to be influenced by semantic network density and the demands of memory tests.

    “Veridical consolidation during sleep also appears to be influenced by semantic network density and the demands of memory tests”

    From Sleep and memory consolidation in healthy, neurotypical children, and adults: a summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. (2023) · cites this paper as [25]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 40

  1. Adelman J Estes Z Emotion and memory: A recognition advantage for positive and negative words independent of arousal Cognition 2013 129 530 535 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.08.014 24041838 · DOI
  2. Bauer LM Olheiser EL Altarriba J Landi N Word type effects in false recall: Concrete, abstract, and emotion word critical lures American Journal of Psychology 2009 122 469 481 20066926
  3. Borenstein M Hedges LV Higgins JPT Rothstein HR A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis Research Synthesis Methods 2010 1 97 111 10.1002/jrsm.12 26061376 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Brainerd CJ Stein LM Silveira RA Rohenkohl G Reyna VF How does negative emotion cause false memories? Psychological Science 2008 19 919 925 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02177.x 18947358 · DOI
  5. Cai D Mednick S Harrison E Kanady J Mednick S Albright T REM, not incubation, improves creativity by priming associative networks Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009 106 10130 10134 10.1073/pnas.0900271106 PMC2700890 19506253 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Carr M Nielsen T Morning REM sleep naps facilitate broad access to emotional semantic networks Sleep 2015 38 433 443 10.5665/sleep.4504 25409100 PMC4335534 · DOI
  7. Chatburn A Lushington K Kohler MJ Complex associative memory processing and sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioural evidence and underlying EEG mechanisms Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2014 47 646 655 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.018 25452112 · DOI · Paper page
  8. Collins AM Loftus EF A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing Psychological Review 1975 82 407 428 10.1037/0033-295X.82.6.407 · DOI · Paper page
  9. Davis, M. H., Di Betta, A. M., Macdonald, M. J. E., & Gaskell, M. G. (2009). Learning and consolidation of novel spoken words. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 803–820. 10.1162/jocn.2009.21059 PMC2832742 18578598 · DOI
  10. Dennis NA Kim H Cabeza R Effects of aging on true and false memory formation: An fMRI study Neuropsychologia 2007 45 3157 3166 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.003 17716696 · DOI
  11. Diekelmann S Born J The memory function of sleep Nature Reviews 2010 11 114 126 10.1038/nrn2762 20046194 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Diekelmann S Born J Wagner U Sleep enhances false memories depending on general memory performance Behavioural Brain Research 2010 208 425 429 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.021 20035789 · DOI
  13. Diekelmann S Landolt H Lahl O Born J Wagner U Sleep loss produces false memories PLoS ONE 2008 3 e3512 e3512 10.1371/journal.pone.0003512 18946511 PMC2567433 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Egger M Smith GD Schneider M Minder C Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test British Medical Journal 1997 315 629 634 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 9310563 PMC2127453 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Fenn KM Gallo DA Margoliash D Roediger HL Nusbaum HC Reduced false memory after sleep Learning & Memory 2009 16 509 513 10.1101/lm.1500808 19706833 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Gais S Born J Low acetylcholine during slow-wave sleep is critical for declarative memory consolidation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2004 101 2140 2144 10.1073/pnas.0305404101 PMC357065 14766981 · DOI · Paper page
  17. Gallo DA Roediger HL III Variability among word lists in eliciting memory illusions: Evidence for associative activation and monitoring Journal of Memory and Language 2002 47 469 497 10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00013-X · DOI
  18. Howe ML Wilkinson S Using story contexts to bias children’s true and false memories Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2011 108 77 95 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.06.009 20678778 · DOI
  19. Howe ML Wimmer MC Gagnon N Plumpton S An associative-activation theory of children’s and adults’ memory illusions Journal of Memory and Language 2009 60 229 251 10.1016/j.jml.2008.10.002 · DOI
  20. Johnson MK Hashtroudi S Lindsay DS Source monitoring Psychological Bulletin 1993 114 3 28 10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.3 8346328 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Kellogg RT Presentation modality and mode of recall in verbal false memory Journal of Experimental Psychology 2001 27 913 919 11486924
  22. Kensinger E Corkin S Memory enhancement for emotional words: Are emotional words more vividly remembered than neutral words? Memory & Cognition 2003 31 1169 1180 10.3758/BF03195800 15058678 · DOI
  23. Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2004). The effects of emotional content and aging on false memories. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 4, 1–9. 15259885
  24. Lo JC Sim SKY Chee MWL Sleep reduces false memory in healthy older adults Sleep 2014 37 665 671 10.5665/sleep.3564 24744453 PMC3971154 · DOI
  25. McDermott KB The persistence of false memories in list recall Journal of Memory and Language 1996 35 212 230 10.1006/jmla.1996.0012 · DOI
  26. McKeon S Pace-Schott EF Spencer RM Interaction of sleep and emotional content on the production of false memories PLoS ONE 2012 7 e49353 10.1371/journal.pone.0049353 23145159 PMC3492291 · DOI
  27. Monaghan P Shaw JJ Ashworth-Lord A Newbury CR Hemispheric processing of memory is affected by sleep Brain and Language 2017 167 36 43 10.1016/j.bandl.2016.05.003 27221468 · DOI
  28. Payne JD Schacter DL Propper RE Huang L Wamsley EJ Tucker MA The role of sleep in false memory formation Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 2009 92 327 334 10.1016/j.nlm.2009.03.007 19348959 PMC2789473 · DOI · Paper page
  29. Rasch B Born J Maintaining memories by reactivation Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2007 17 698 703 10.1016/j.conb.2007.11.007 18222688 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Robinson KJ Roediger HL III Associative processes in false recall and false recognition Psychological Science 1997 8 231 237 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00417.x · DOI
  31. Roediger HL III McDermott KB Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists Journal of Experimental Psychology 1995 21 803 814
  32. Roediger HL III Watson JM McDermott KB Gallo DA Factors that determine false recall: A multiple regression analysis Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2001 8 385 407 10.3758/BF03196177 11700893 · DOI
  33. Sharkawy JE Groth K Vetter C Beraldi A Fast K False memories of emotional and neutral words Behavioural Neurology 2008 19 7 11 10.1155/2008/587239 18413909 PMC5452470 · DOI
  34. Shaw JJ Monaghan P Lateralised sleep spindles relate to false memory generation Neuropsychologia 2017 107 60 67 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.11.002 29109037 · DOI
  35. Sio U Monaghan P Ormerod T Sleep on it, but only if it is difficult: Effects of sleep on problem solving Memory & Cognition 2013 41 159 166 10.3758/s13421-012-0256-7 23055117 · DOI
  36. Smith RE Engle RW Study modality and false recall Experimental Psychology 2011 58 117 124 10.1027/1618-3169/a000076 20494859 PMC3077100 · DOI
  37. Smith RE Hunt RR Presentation modality affects false memory Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 1998 5 710 715 10.3758/BF03208850 · DOI
  38. Stickgold R Walker M To sleep, perchance to gain creative insight? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2004 8 191 192 10.1016/j.tics.2004.03.003 15120674 · DOI
  39. Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36. 10.18637/jss.v036.i03 · DOI · Paper page
  40. Watson JM McDermott KB Balota DA Attempting to avoid false memories in the Deese/Roediger–McDermott paradigm: Assessing the combined influence of practice and warnings in young and old adults Memory & Cognition 2004 32 135 141 10.3758/BF03195826 15078050 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Newbury, C. R., & Monaghan, P.
Affiliations
Lancaster University (GB)
Corresponding author
Newbury, Chloe Rhianne
ORCID
Newbury, Chloe Rhianne
Venue
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2018-09-27
Volume
26
Issue
2
Pages
387-400
ISSN
  • 1069-9384 (ISSN-L)
  • 1531-5320
DOI
10.3758/s13423-018-1528-4
PMC
PMC6488554
OpenAlex
W2893951215
Cited by
39
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5
FWCI
0.33
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Psychonomic Bulletin & Review (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (acceptedVersion)
  • UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
University of Lancaster
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords
sleep, memory consolidation, false memory, veridical memory, Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm, associative memory, recall versus recognition, sleep-dependent memory
MeSH terms
Memory Consolidation, Attention, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Recall, Repression, Psychology, Sleep, Verbal Learning, Wakefulness, Word Association Tests, Recognition, Psychology

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review