Maintaining memories by reactivation
Abstract
According to a widely held concept, the formation of long-term memories relies on a reactivation and redistribution of newly acquired memory representations from temporary storage to neuronal networks supporting long-term storage. Here, we review evidence showing that this process of system consolidation takes place preferentially during sleep as an 'off-line' period during which memories are spontaneously reactivated and redistributed in the absence of interfering external inputs. Moreover, postlearning sleep leads to a reorganization of neuronal representations and qualitative changes of memory content. We propose that memory reactivations during sleep are accompanied by a transient destabilization of memory traces. Unlike wake reactivations that form part of an updating of memories with respect to current perceptual input, reactivations during sleep allow for gradually adapting newly acquired memories to pre-existing long-term memories whereby invariants and certain other features of these memories become extracted.
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Contemporary models of sleep-associated memory processing propose that memories are reactivated during sleep and thereby integrated into long-term storage.
“Contemporary models of sleep-associated memory processing propose that memories are reactivated during sleep, and thereby integrated into long-term storage [5,12–16].”
From Sleep bolsters schematically incongruent memories (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
In adults, SWS has been revealed to play a causal role for consolidation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memories, but may play a similar role for explicitly acquired procedural memory.
“In adults, SWS has been revealed to play a causal role for the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memories (783, 957), but may play a similar role for explicitly acquired procedural memory (e.g., Ref. 691, see also sect.IVA).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [957]
Odor-induced reactivations of memories during SWS activated the left hippocampus as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
“E: odor-induced reactivations of memories during SWS activated the left hippocampus as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [957]
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- Authors
- Rasch, B., & Born, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Rasch, Björn
- ORCID
- Rasch, Björn
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 698-703
- ISSN
- 0959-4388 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2033016465
- Cited by
- 240
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 0.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- memory consolidation, sleep-dependent memory consolidation, memory reactivation, long-term memory, memory updating, memory reorganization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Association Learning, Brain Mapping, Humans, Memory, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Neurons, Reinforcement, Psychology, Sleep
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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