The role of sleep in false memory formation
Open accessAbstract
Memories are not stored as exact copies of our experiences. As a result, remembering is subject not only to memory failure, but to inaccuracies and distortions as well. Although such distortions are often retained or even enhanced over time, sleep's contribution to the development of false memories is unknown. Here, we report that a night of sleep increases both veridical and false recall in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, compared to an equivalent period of daytime wakefulness. But while veridical memory deteriorates across both wake and sleep, false memories are preferentially preserved by sleep, actually showing a non-significant improvement. The same selectivity of false over veridical memories was observed in a follow-up nap study. Unlike previous studies implicating deep, slow-wave sleep (SWS) in declarative memory consolidation, here veridical recall correlated with decreased SWS, a finding that was observed in both the overnight and nap studies. These findings lead to two counterintuitive conclusions - that under certain circumstances sleep can promote false memories over veridical ones, and SWS can be associated with impairment rather than facilitation of declarative memory consolidation. While these effects produce memories that are less accurate after sleep, these memories may, in the end, be more useful.
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Sleep can support the extraction of an explicit gist memory for word lists that were explicitly encoded before sleep.
“studies using the Deese, Roediger, McDermott (DRM) false memory paradigm suggest that sleep can support the extraction of an explicit gist memory for the word lists that were explicitly encoded before sleep (Payne et al. 2009; Diekelmann et al. 2010).”
From System consolidation of memory during sleep (2012) · cites this paper as Payne et al. 2009
Experiment 1 Results report better recall after sleep of unstudied words representing the lists’ themes, supporting the suggestion that sleep benefits explicit recall of list meaning. But the Experiment 3 Discussion says the results cannot distinguish gist memory from associative activation, or an effect on retrieval from one on consolidation; they do not establish that sleep supports gist extraction specifically. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Payne, J. D., Schacter, D. L., Propper, R. E., Huang, L.-W., Wamsley, E. J., Tucker, M. A., Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Merrimack College (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Payne, Jessica D.
- Stickgold, Robert
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-10
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 327-334
- ISSN
- 1074-7427 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2789473
- OpenAlex
- W1990095334
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 7.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-48832, R01MH048832)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR001032)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- sleep, false memory, veridical memory, Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm, slow-wave sleep, memory consolidation, declarative memory, memory distortion, NAP, memory accuracy
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Mental Recall, Sleep, Sleep Stages, Time Factors, Wakefulness, Polysomnography, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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