Disentangling the Galactic Halo with APOGEE. II. Chemical and Star Formation Histories for the Two Distinct Populations
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The formation processes that led to the current Galactic stellar halo are still under debate. Previous studies have provided evidence for different stellar populations in terms of elemental abundances and kinematics, pointing to different chemical and star formation histories (SFHs). In the present work, we explore, over a broader range in metallicity (), the two stellar populations detected in the first paper of this series from metal-poor stars in DR13 of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE). We aim to infer signatures of the initial mass function (IMF) and the SFH from the two α-to-iron versus iron abundance chemical trends for the most APOGEE-reliable α-elements (O, Mg, Si, and Ca). Using simple chemical-evolution models, we infer the upper mass limit (Mup) for the IMF and the star formation rate, and its duration for each population. Compared with the low-α population, we obtain a more intense and longer-lived SFH, and a top-heavier IMF for the high-α population.
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Gaia-Enceladus had a stellar mass of ∼6 × 10^8 M_sun, estimated by integrating an average star formation rate of 0.3 M_sun yr−1 over about 2 Gyr.
“These authors showed that the sequence could be reproduced if the stars had formed in a system with an average SFR of 0.3 M ࣻ year -1 over a period of 2 Gyr or so.By integrating this SFR, Helmi et al. (2018) subsequently estimated a stellar mass of ∼6 × 10 8 M ࣻ for Gaia-Enceladus.”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Fernández-Alvar et al. 2018
Section 4.2.1 reports modeled star-formation rates for two halo populations, but our copy does not give the claimed average of 0.3 solar masses per year over about 2 Gyr. Searches for those figures and the resulting stellar mass found no supporting passage. The citing sentence explicitly attributes the ∼6 × 10^8 solar-mass estimate to Helmi et al. (2018), not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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CHARACTERIZING THE SHARDS OF DISRUPTED MILKY WAY SATELLITES WITH LAMOST
Carlin, J. L., Liu, C., Newberg, H. J., Beers, T. C., Deng, L., Guhathakurta, P., Cao, Z., Hou, Y., Wang, Y., Wu, Y., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/822/1/16 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationChemical history of isolated dwarf galaxies of the Local Group – I. dSphs: Cetus and Tucana
Avila-Vergara, N., Carigi, L., Hidalgo, S. L., & Durazo, R. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw205 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Asplund, M., Grevesse, N., & Sauval, A. J. 2005, in ASP Conf. Ser. 336, Cosmic Abundances as Records of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis, ed. F. N. Bash & T. G. Barnes (San Francisco: ASP), 25
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Cited by
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The merger that led to the formation of the Milky Way’s inner stellar halo and thick disk
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De re metallica: the cosmic chemical evolution of galaxies
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Evidence from the H3 Survey That the Stellar Halo Is Entirely Comprised of Substructure
Naidu, R. P., Conroy, C., Bonaca, A., Johnson, B. D., 丁, Y.-S. 源. T., Caldwell, N., Zaritsky, D., & Cargile, P. A. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abaef4 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way
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The merger that led to the formation of the Milky Way's inner stellar halo and thick disk
Helmi, A., Babusiaux, C., Koppelman, H. H., Massari, D., Veljanoski, J., & Brown, A. G. A. (2018) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Mackereth, J. T., Schiavon, R. P., Pfeffer, J., Hayes, C. R., Bovy, J., Anguiano, B., Prieto, C. A., Hasselquist, S., Holtzman, J., Johnson, J. A., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2955 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
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Kruijssen, J. M. D., Pfeffer, J. L., Chevance, M., Bonaca, A., Trujillo-Gomez, S., Bastian, N., Reina-Campos, M., Crain, R. A., & Hughes, M. E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2452 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“∼ 6 × 108 M from the star formation rate (∼ 0.3 M yr−1) and duration (∼ 2 Gyr) necessary to reproduce the α-poor stellar population (Fernández-Alvar et al. 2018).”
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Queiroz, A. B. D. A., Santiago, B. X., & Zamora, O. (2020) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 139 · see citing works
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R -process enhancements of Gaia-Enceladus in GALAH DR3
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Galactic Archaeology with Gaia
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The Stellar Velocity Distribution Function in the Milky Way Galaxy
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Self-citationCarrillo, A., Deason, A. J., Fattahi, A., Callingham, T. M., & Grand, R. J. J. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3274 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The detailed chemical abundance patterns of accreted halo stars from the optical to infrared
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The S2 Stream: the shreds of a primitive dwarf galaxy.*
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The Metal-poor non-Sagittarius (?) Globular Cluster NGC 5053: Orbit and Mg, Al, and Si Abundances
Tang, B., Fernández-Trincado, J. G., Geisler, D., Zamora, O., Mészáros, S., Masseron, T., Cohen, R. E., García-Hernández, D. A., Dell’Agli, F., Beers, T. C., et al. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaaaea · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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A Walk on the Retrograde Side (WRS) project
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How the origin of stars in the Galaxy impacts the composition of planetary building blocks
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The assembly history of the Galactic inner halo inferred from α-element patterns
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Fernández-Alvar, E., Fernández-Trincado, J. G., Moreno, E., Schuster, W. J., Carigi, L., Recio-Blanco, A., Beers, T. C., Chiappini, C., Anders, F., Santiago, B. X., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1299 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationElemental Abundances in M31: Properties of the Inner Stellar Halo*
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Carollo, D., Christlieb, N., Tissera, P. B., & Sillero, E. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acac25 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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Radial Velocities in the Outermost Disk toward the Anticenter
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Chronology of our Galaxy from Gaia colour-magnitude diagram fitting (ChronoGal)
González-Koda, Y. K., Ruiz-Lara, T., Gallart, C., Ceccarelli, E., Dodd, E., Fernández-Alvar, E., Cassisi, S., Surot, F., Agelet, F. A., Massari, D., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554272 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationHeavy element abundances in galactic globular clusters
Schiappacasse-Ulloa, J., Lucatello, S., Cescutti, G., & Carretta, E. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348805 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Alpha Element Populations Among Local Halo Stars
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Estimating the Initial Mass of the Gaia–Enceladus Dwarf Galaxy with a Chemical Evolution Model
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Vanaraj, V., Niederhofer, F., & Goudfrooij, P. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2094 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Build-up and survival of the disc: from numerical models of galaxy formation to the Milky Way
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Caveats about measuring carbon abundances in stars using the CH band
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Gallart, C., Ruiz-Lara, T., Bernard, E. J., Brook, C. B. A., Cassisi, S., Hill, V., & Monelli, M. (2019) · Figshare · doi:10.5281/zenodo.3089010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sánchez, S. F., Benito, R. G., & Galbany, L. (2021) · Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141225
Self-citationGallart, C., Bernard, E. J., Brook, C. B., Ruiz-Lara, T., Cassisi, S., Hill, V., & Monelli, M. (2019) · Figshare · doi:10.5281/zenodo.3228142
Carigi, L. (2021) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1460-6
Self-citationCarigi, L. (2023) · Encyclopedia of Astrobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65093-6_1460
Self-citationAn ancient system hidden in the Galactic plane?
Sestito, F., Fernández-Alvar, E., Brooks, R., Olson, E., Carigi, L., Jofré, P., Silva, D. D. B., Eldridge, C. J. L., Vitali, S., Venn, K. A., et al. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag563
Self-citationGonzález-Koda, Y. K., Ruiz-Lara, T., Gallart, C., Ceccarelli, E., Dodd, E., Fernández-Alvar, E., Cassisi, S., Agelet, F. A., Aguado-Agelet, F., Massari, D., et al. (2025) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.15727438
Self-citation
- Authors
- Fernández-Alvar, E., Carigi, L., Schuster, W. J., Hayes, C. R., Ávila-Vergara, N., Majewski, S. R., Allende Prieto, C., Beers, T. C., Sánchez, S. F., Zamora, O., García-Hernández, D. A., Tang, B., Fernández-Trincado, J. G., Tissera, P., Geisler, D., & Villanova, S.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Universidad Iberoamericana (MX)
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- Universidad de La Laguna (ES)
- University of Concepción (CL)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Universidad Andrés Bello (CL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2018-01-01
- Volume
- 852
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2770675362
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 5.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repositorio Institucional Académico , Sistema de Bibliotecas Universidad Andrés Bello (UNAB) (Universidad Andrés Bello (UNAB)) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1616636, 1312863, PHY 14-30152;)
- Smithsonian Institution
- U.S. Department of Energy
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- Yale University
- Carnegie Institution of Washington
- Vanderbilt University
- Ohio State University
- University of Washington (14-30152)
- Johns Hopkins University
- Carnegie Mellon University
- University of Notre Dame
- University of Portsmouth (PHY 14-30152)
- New Mexico State University
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics - Center for the Evolution of the Elements (PHY-1430152)
- York University
- University of Oxford
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AYA−2014 −58082-P, AYA2015-65205-P)
- Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IG100115, IN103014)
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
- Office of Science
- University of Colorado Boulder
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
- Leibniz-Gemeinschaft
- Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- Galactic stellar halo, stellar populations, star formation history, initial mass function, chemical evolution models, metal-poor stars, star formation rate
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