The Scattering and Intrinsic Structure of Sagittarius A* at Radio Wavelengths
Open accessAbstract
Radio images of the Galactic Center supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), are dominated by interstellar scattering. Previous studies of Sgr A* have adopted an anisotropic Gaussian model for both the intrinsic source and the scattering, and they have extrapolated the scattering using a purely λ 2 scaling to estimate intrinsic properties. However, physically motivated source and scattering models break all three of these assumptions. They also predict that refractive scattering effects will be significant, which have been ignored in standard model fitting procedures. We analyze radio observations of Sgr A* using a physically motivated scattering model, and we develop a prescription to incorporate refractive scattering uncertainties when model fitting. We show that an anisotropic Gaussian scattering kernel is an excellent approximation for Sgr A* at wavelengths longer than 1 cm, with an angular size of along the major axis, along the minor axis, and a position angle of . We estimate that the turbulent dissipation scale is at least 600 km, with tentative support for r in = 800 ± 200 km, suggesting that the ion Larmor radius defines the dissipation scale. We find that the power-law index for density fluctuations in the scattering material is β < 3.47, shallower than expected for a Kolmogorov spectrum ( β = 11/3), and we estimate in the case of r in = 800 km. We find that the intrinsic structure of Sgr A* is nearly isotropic over wavelengths from 1.3 mm to 1.3 cm, with a size that is roughly proportional to wavelength: . We discuss implications for models of Sgr A*, for theories of interstellar turbulence, and for imaging Sgr A* with the Event Horizon Telescope.
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Significant refractive scattering in the interstellar medium produces additional substructure within the image that is not present in the intrinsic emission map.
“Second, signi fi cant refractive scattering in the interstellar medium produces additional substructure within the image that is not present in the intrinsic emission map”
From First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Variability, Morphology, and Black Hole Mass (2022) · cites this paper as Johnson et al. 2018
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Crocker, R. M., Longmore, S. N., & Bicknell, G. V. (2017) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cho, I., Jung, T., Zhao, G.-Y., Akiyama, K., Sawada‐Satoh, S., Kino, M., Byun, D.-Y., Sohn, B. W., Shibata, K. M., Hirota, T., et al. (2017) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psx090 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationA single HII region model of the strong interstellar scattering towards Sgr A*
Sicheneder, E., & Dexter, J. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx103 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationKEY SCIENCE OBSERVATIONS OF AGNs WITH THE KaVA ARRAY
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Self-citationRotation measure synthesis study and polarized properties of PSR J1745−2900 at 7 mm
Kravchenko, E. V., Cotton, W. D., Yusef-Zadeh, F., & Kovalev, Y. Y. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw304 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasurement of the inner turbulence scale of the interstellar plasma toward the pulsar PSR B2111+46
Smirnova, T. V., & Shishov, V. I. (2010) · Astronomy Reports · doi:10.1134/s106377291002006x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- L. O. Sjouwerman, C. C. Lang, & J. Ott (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), 288
- Psaltis, D., Johnson, M., Narayan, R., et al. 2018, ApJ, submitted (arXiv:1805. 01242)
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Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Algaba, J. C., Anantua, R., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Bach, U., Baczko, A.-K., Ball, D. R., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6674 · Cited by 1,869 · see citing works
Self-citationFirst M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole
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Self-citationFirst M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
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Self-citationEvent Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Algaba, J. C., Anantua, R., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Bach, U., Baczko, A.-K., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6429 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
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Self-citationEvent Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Algaba, J. C., Anantua, R., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Bach, U., Baczko, A.-K., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6736 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
“It also applies the Johnson et al. (2018) diffractive scattering kernel directly to the model prior to computing visibilities.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationKey Science Goals for the Next-Generation Event Horizon Telescope
Johnson, M. D., Akiyama, K., Blackburn, L., Bouman, K. L., Broderick, A. E., Cardoso, V., Fender, R. P., Fromm, C. M., Galison, P. L., Gómez, J. L., et al. (2023) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies11030061 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Size, Shape, and Scattering of Sagittarius A* at 86 GHz: First VLBI with ALMA
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Self-citationEvaluation of New Submillimeter VLBI Sites for the Event Horizon Telescope
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Self-citationThe resolved size and structure of hot dust in the immediate vicinity of AGN
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Self-citationSimulations of imaging the event horizon of Sagittarius A* from space
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Dexter, J., Jiménez-Rosales, A., Ressler, S. M., Tchekhovskoy, A., Bauböck, M., de Zeeuw, P. T., Eisenhauer, F., von Fellenberg, S. D., Gao, F., Genzel, R., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa922 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationToward Determining the Number of Observable Supermassive Black Hole Shadows
Pesce, D. W., Palumbo, D. C. M., Narayan, R., Blackburn, L., Doeleman, S. S., Johnson, M. D., Ma, C., Nagar, N. M., Natarajan, P., & Ricarte, A. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2eb5 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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Self-citationALMA Observations of the Terahertz Spectrum of Sagittarius A*
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Self-citationZAKHAROV, A. F. (2022) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe8030141 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
EHT-HOPS Pipeline for Millimeter VLBI Data Reduction
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Self-citationEHT-HOPS pipeline for millimeter VLBI data reduction
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Self-citationSpacetime Tomography Using the Event Horizon Telescope
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Self-citationGeorgiev, B., Pesce, D. W., Broderick, A. E., Wong, G. N., Dhruv, V., Wielgus, M., Gammie, C. F., Chan, C.-K., Chatterjee, K., Emami, R., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac65eb · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationSimulations of M87 and Sgr A* imaging with the Millimetron Space Observatory on near-Earth orbits
Andrianov, A. S., Baryshev, A. M., Falcke, H. D., Girin, I. A., de Graauw, T., Костенко, В. И., Kudriashov, V. V., Ladygin, V. A., Лихачев, С. Ф., Roelofs, F., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2709 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Broderick, A. E., Gold, R., Georgiev, B., Pesce, D. W., Tiede, P., Ni, C., Moriyama, K., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6584 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationDetection statistics of the RadioAstron AGN survey
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Self-citationOn the comparison of AGN with GRMHD simulations: I. Sgr A*
Anantua, R., Ressler, S. M., & Quataert, E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa318 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Roelofs, F., Blackburn, L., Lindahl, G., Doeleman, S. S., Johnson, M. D., Arras, P., Chatterjee, K., Emami, R., Fromm, C. M., Fuentes, A., et al. (2023) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies11010012 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationSYMBA: An end-to-end VLBI synthetic data generation pipeline
Roelofs, F., Janssen, M., Natarajan, I., Deane, R. P., Davelaar, J., Olivares, H., Porth, O., Paine, S. N., Bouman, K. L., Tilanus, R. P. J., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936622 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationFirst Very Long Baseline Interferometry Detections at 870 μm
Raymond, A. W., Doeleman, S. S., Asada, K., Blackburn, L., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Broguière, D., Chen, M., Crew, G., Dornbusch, S., et al. (2024) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad5bdb · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationZhu, Z., Johnson, M. D., & Narayan, R. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaef3d · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence for a jet and outflow from Sgr A*: a continuum and spectral line study
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Royster, M., Wardle, M., Cotton, W., Kunneriath, D., Heywood, I., & Michail, J. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2399 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
High-resolution imaging of a black hole shadow with Millimetron orbit around lagrange point l2
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Regimes in astrophysical lensing: refractive optics, diffractive optics, and the Fresnel scale
Jow, D. L., Pen, U., & Feldbrugge, J. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2332 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Emami, R., Anantua, R., Chael, A., & Loeb, A. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2950 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Intrinsic Structure of Sagittarius A* at 1.3 cm and 7 mm
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Self-citationNoodle model for scintillation arcs
Gwinn, C. R. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz894 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationPersistent Non-Gaussian Structure in the Image of Sagittarius A* at 86 GHz
Issaoun, S., Johnson, M. D., Blackburn, L., Broderick, A., Tiede, P., Wielgus, M., Doeleman, S. S., Falcke, H., Akiyama, K., Bower, G. C., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac00b0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationThe internal Faraday screen of Sagittarius A*
Wielgus, M., Issaoun, S., Martí-Vidal, I., Emami, R., Mościbrodzka, M. A., Brinkerink, C. D., Goddi, C., & Fomalont, E. B. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347772 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Simulations of imaging the event horizon of Sagittarius A* from space
Roelofs, F., Falcke, H. D., Brinkerink, C. D., Mościbrodzka, M. A., Gurvits, L. I., Martín‐Neira, M., Kudriashov, V. V., Klein‐Wolt, M., Tilanus, R. P. J., Krämer, M., et al. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732423/pdf · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Liu, K., Desvignes, G., Eatough, R. P., Karuppusamy, R., Krämer, M., Torné, P., Wharton, R., Chatterjee, S., Cordes, J. M., Crew, G., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abf9a2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationTo see the invisible: Image of the event horizon within the black hole shadow
Dokuchaev, V. I. (2019) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271819410050 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Tsunetoe, Y., Mineshige, S., Ohsuga, K., Kawashima, T., & Akiyama, K. (2021) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psab054 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationMultiwavelength Variability of Sagittarius A* in 2019 July
Boyce, H., Haggard, D., Witzel, G., von Fellenberg, S. D., Willner, S. P., Becklin, E. E., Do, T., Eckart, A., Fazio, G. G., Gurwell, M., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac6104 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Tracing Milky Way scattering by compact extragalactic radio sources
Koryukova, T. A., Pushkarev, A. B., Plavin, A. V., & Kovalev, Y. Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1898 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, B.-Y., Bower, G. C., Dexter, J., Markoff, S., Ridenour, A., Gurwell, M., Rao, R., & Wallström, S. H. J. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acd250 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationHow Spatially Resolved Polarimetry Informs Black Hole Accretion Flow Models
Ricarte, A., Johnson, M. D., Kovalev, Y. Y., Palumbo, D. C. M., & Emami, R. (2022) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies11010005 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Event Horizon Imager (EHI) Mission Concept Utilizing Medium Earth Orbit Sub-mm Interferometry
Kudriashov, V. V., Martín‐Neira, M., Roelofs, F., Falcke, H. D., Brinkerink, C. D., Baryshev, A. M., Hogerheijde, M. R., Young, A., Pourshaghaghi, H. R., Klein‐Wolt, M., et al. (2021) · Chinese Journal of Space Science · doi:10.11728/cjss2021.02.211 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Akiyama, K., Algaba, J. C., An, T., Asada, K., Asanok, K., Byun, D., Chanapote, T., Chen, W., Chen, Z., Cheng, X., et al. (2022) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies10060113 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationTracing Hot Spot Motion in Sagittarius A* Using the Next-Generation Event Horizon Telescope (ngEHT)
Emami, R., Tiede, P., Doeleman, S. S., Roelofs, F., Wielgus, M., Blackburn, L., Liska, M., Chatterjee, K., Ripperda, B., Fuentes, A., et al. (2023) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies11010023 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Black Hole Explorer: instrument system overview
Marrone, D. P., Houston, J., Akiyama, K., Bilyeu, B., Boroson, D. M., Grimes, P., Haworth, K., Lehmensiek, R., Peretz, E., Rana, H., et al. (2024) · Space Telescopes and Instrumentation: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave · doi:10.1117/12.3019589 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationMulti-wavelength torus–jet model for Sagittarius A*
Vincent, F. H., Abramowicz, M. A., Zdziarski, A. A., Wielgus, M., Paumard, T., Perrin, G. S., & Straub, O. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834946 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Natarajan, I., Deane, R. P., Martí-Vidal, I., Roelofs, F., Janssen, M., Wielgus, M., Blackburn, L., Blecher, T., Perkins, S. J., Smirnov, O. M., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac531 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalysis of orbital configurations for Millimetron space observatory
Rudnitskiy, A. G., Мжельский, П. В., Щуров, М. А., Syachina, T. A., & Запевалин, П. Р. (2022) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.03.036 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
VLBI imaging of black holes via second moment regularization
Issaoun, S., Johnson, M. D., Blackburn, L., Mościbrodzka, M., Chael, A., & Falcke, H. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936156 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationPosition and Proper Motion of Sagittarius A* in the ICRF3 Frame from VLBI Absolute Astrometry
Gordon, D., de Witt, A., & Jacobs, C. S. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aca65b · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Micro-arcsecond structure of Sagittarius A∗ revealed by high-sensitivity 86 GHz VLBI observations
Brinkerink, C. D., Müller, C., Falcke, H. D., Issaoun, S., Akiyama, K., Bower, G. C., Krichbaum, T. P., Deller, A. T., Castillo-Domínguez, E., Doeleman, S. S., et al. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834148 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationFirst Space-VLBI Observations of Sagittarius A*
Johnson, M. D., Kovalev, Y. Y., Lisakov, M., Voitsik, P. A., Gwinn, C. R., & Bruni, G. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac3917 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationBlack Hole Shadow Observations with Space-Ground Interferometers
Mikheeva, E. V., Repin, S. V., & Lukash, V. N. (2020) · Astronomy Reports · doi:10.1134/s1063772920080065 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
VLBI imaging of black holes via second moment regularization
Issaoun, S., Johnson, M. D., Blackburn, L., Mościbrodzka, M. A., Chael, A., & Falcke, H. D. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936156/pdf · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationMulti-wavelength torus–jet model for Sagittarius A
Vincent, F. H., Abramowicz, M. A., Zdziarski, A. A., Wielgus, M., Paumard, T., Perrin, G. S., & Straub, O. (2019) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
An independent hybrid imaging of Sgr A* from the data in EHT 2017 observations
Miyoshi, M., Kato, Y., & Makino, J. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1158 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Oyama, T., Nagayama, T., Yamauchi, A., Sakai, D., Imai, H., Honma, M., Asakura, Y., Hada, K., Hagiwara, Y., Hirota, T., et al. (2024) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psad088 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Scintillation Arc Brightness and Electron Density for an Analytical Noodle Model
Gwinn, C. R., & Sosenko, E. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2364 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationBella, N. L., Issaoun, S., Roelofs, F., Fromm, C. M., & Falcke, H. D. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245344 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Probing Accretion Turbulence in the Galactic Center with EHT Polarimetry
Ni, C., Broderick, A. E., & Gold, R. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac9b47 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationAtmospheric Limitations for High-frequency Ground-based Very Long Baseline Interferometry
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Dark matter halo inference with higher order photon rings and closure data in multi frequency VLBI
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- Authors
- Johnson, M. D., Narayan, R., Psaltis, D., Blackburn, L., Kovalev, Y. Y., Gwinn, C. R., Zhao, G.-Y., Bower, G. C., Moran, J. M., Kino, M., Kramer, M., Akiyama, K., Dexter, J., Broderick, A. E., & Sironi, L.
- Affiliations
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KR)
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica (TW)
- Kogakuin University (JP)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, Michael D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2018-09-27
- Volume
- 865
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 104
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2889248467
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 5.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1440254, 1312651, 1716536)
- John Templeton Foundation
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF5278, AST-1440254)
- Harvard University
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/P000649/1)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (18K03656)
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology
- Keywords
- Sgr A*, Galactic center supermassive black hole, radio wave scattering, refractive scattering, interstellar turbulence, density fluctuations, ion Larmor radius, wavelength scaling
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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