1.3 mm WAVELENGTH VLBI OF SAGITTARIUS A*: DETECTION OF TIME-VARIABLE EMISSION ON EVENT HORIZON SCALES
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Sagittarius A*, the ∼4 × 10 6 M ☉ black hole candidate at the Galactic center, can be studied on Schwarzschild radius scales with (sub)millimeter wavelength very long baseline interferometry (VLBI). We report on 1.3 mm wavelength observations of Sgr A* using a VLBI array consisting of the JCMT on Mauna Kea, the Arizona Radio Observatory's Submillimeter Telescope on Mt. Graham in Arizona, and two telescopes of the CARMA array at Cedar Flat in California. Both Sgr A* and the quasar calibrator 1924−292 were observed over three consecutive nights, and both sources were clearly detected on all baselines. For the first time, we are able to extract 1.3 mm VLBI interferometer phase information on Sgr A* through measurement of closure phase on the triangle of baselines. On the third night of observing, the correlated flux density of Sgr A* on all VLBI baselines increased relative to the first two nights, providing strong evidence for time-variable change on scales of a few Schwarzschild radii. These results suggest that future VLBI observations with greater sensitivity and additional baselines will play a valuable role in determining the structure of emission near the event horizon of Sgr A*.
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Sgr A* exhibits broadband variability on timescales of minutes to hours.
“Sgr A * exhibits broadband variability on timescales of minutes to hours”
From First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Variability, Morphology, and Black Hole Mass (2022) · cites this paper as Fish et al. 2011
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Fish, V. L., Johnson, M. D., Lu, R. S., Doeleman, S. S., Bouman, K. L., Zoran, D., Freeman, W. T., Psaltis, D., Narayan, R., Pankratius, V., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/795/2/134 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationPERSISTENT ASYMMETRIC STRUCTURE OF SAGITTARIUS A* ON EVENT HORIZON SCALES
Fish, V. L., Johnson, M. D., Doeleman, S. S., Broderick, A. E., Psaltis, D., Lu, R. S., Akiyama, K., Alef, W., Algaba, J. C., Asada, K., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/820/2/90 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationAn 8 h characteristic time-scale in submillimetre light curves of Sagittarius A*
Dexter, J., Kelly, B. C., Bower, G. C., Marrone, D. P., Stone, J. M., & Plambeck, R. L. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1039 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationDibi, S., Drappeau, S., Fragile, P. C., Markoff, S., & Dexter, J. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21857.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Radio observations of active galactic nuclei with mm-VLBI
Boccardi, B., Krichbaum, T. P., Ros, E., & Zensus, J. A. (2017) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-017-0105-6 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationLu, R. S., Krichbaum, T. P., Roy, A. L., Fish, V. L., Doeleman, S. S., Johnson, M. D., Akiyama, K., Psaltis, D., Alef, W., Asada, K., et al. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabe2e · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationALMA Polarimetry of Sgr A*: Probing the Accretion Flow from the Event Horizon to the Bondi Radius
Bower, G. C., Broderick, A. E., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Falcke, H. D., Fish, V. L., Johnson, M. D., Marrone, D. P., Moran, J. M., Mościbrodzka, M. A., et al. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae983 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationNuSTARDETECTION OF HIGH-ENERGY X-RAY EMISSION AND RAPID VARIABILITY FROM SAGITTARIUS A⋆FLARES
Barrière, N. M., Tomsick, J. A., Baganoff, F. K., Boggs, S. E., Christensen, F. E., Craig, W. W., Dexter, J., Grefenstette, B., Hailey, C. J., Harrison, F. A., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/786/1/46 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
THEMIS: A Parameter Estimation Framework for the Event Horizon Telescope
Broderick, A. E., Gold, R., Karami, M., Preciado-López, J. A., Tiede, P., Pu, H.-Y., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab91a4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationHadar, S., Johnson, M. D., Lupsasca, A., & Wong, G. N. (2021) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.103.104038 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
PATOKA: Simulating Electromagnetic Observables of Black Hole Accretion
Wong, G. N., Prather, B. S., Dhruv, V., Ryan, B. R., Mościbrodzka, M. A., Chan, C., Joshi, A. V., Yarza, R., Ricarte, A., Shiokawa, H., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac582e
Kino, M., Takahara, F., Hada, K., Akiyama, K., Nagai, H., & Sohn, B. W. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/803/1/30 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Reference Array and Design Consideration for the Next-Generation Event Horizon Telescope
Doeleman, S. S., Barrett, J., Blackburn, L., Bouman, K. L., Broderick, A. E., Chaves, R., Fish, V. L., Fitzpatrick, G., Freeman, M. A., Fuentes, A., et al. (2023) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies11050107 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationSimulations of imaging the event horizon of Sagittarius A* from space
Roelofs, F., Falcke, H., Brinkerink, C. D., Mościbrodzka, M. A., Gurvits, L. I., Martin-Neira, M., Kudriashov, V., Klein‐Wolt, M., Tilanus, R. P. J., Krämer, M., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732423 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalysis of the Yukawa gravitational potential inf(R)gravity. II. Relativistic periastron advance
Laurentis, M. D., de Martino, I., & Lazkoz, R. (2018) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.97.104068 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Event Horizon Telescope: exploring strong gravity and accretion physics
Ricarte, A., & Dexter, J. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2128 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Testing General Relativity with Accretion-Flow Imaging of Sgr A*
Johannsen, T., Wang, C., Broderick, A. E., Doeleman, S. S., Fish, V. L., Loeb, A., & Psaltis, D. (2016) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.117.091101 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE PROPER MOTION OF THE GALACTIC CENTER PULSAR RELATIVE TO SAGITTARIUS A*
Bower, G. C., Deller, A. T., Demorest, P., Brunthaler, A., Falcke, H., Moscibrodzka, M., O'Leary, R. M., Eatough, R. P., Krämer, M., Lee, K., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/798/2/120 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationPsaltis, D., Narayan, R., Fish, V. L., Broderick, A. E., Loeb, A., & Doeleman, S. S. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/798/1/15 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationDexter, J., Jiménez-Rosales, A., Ressler, S. M., Tchekhovskoy, A., Bauböck, M., de Zeeuw, P. T., Eisenhauer, F., von Fellenberg, S. D., Gao, F., Genzel, R., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa922 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Radio observations of active galactic nuclei with mm-VLBI
Boccardi, B., Krichbaum, T. P., Ros, E., & Zensus, J. A. (2017) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationA geometric crescent model for black hole images
Kamruddin, A. B., & Dexter, J. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1068 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Dynamical Imaging with Interferometry
Johnson, M. D., Bouman, K. L., Blackburn, L., Chael, A., Rosen, J., Shiokawa, H., Roelofs, F., Akiyama, K., Fish, V. L., & Doeleman, S. S. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa97dd · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationMonitoring the Morphology of M87* in 2009–2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope
Wielgus, M., Akiyama, K., Blackburn, L., Chan, C.-K., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Fish, V. L., Issaoun, S., Johnson, M. D., Krichbaum, T. P., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abac0d · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationKuramochi, K., Akiyama, K., Ikeda, S., Tazaki, F., Fish, V. L., Pu, H.-Y., Asada, K., & Honma, M. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab6b5 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationGravitational lensing by a magnetized compact object in the presence of plasma
Turimov, B., Ahmedov, B. J., Abdujabbarov, A., & Bambi, C. (2019) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271820400131 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Black hole bombs and explosions: from astrophysics to particle physics
Cardoso, V. (2013) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-013-1584-z · Cited by 60 · see citing works
THE GALACTIC CENTER WEATHER FORECAST
Mościbrodzka, M. A., Shiokawa, H., Gammie, C. F., & Dolence, J. C. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/752/1/l1 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
THE INTRINSIC TWO-DIMENSIONAL SIZE OF SAGITTARIUS A*
Bower, G. C., Markoff, S., Brunthaler, A., Law, C. J., Falcke, H. D., Dipankar Maitra, A., Clavel, M., Goldwurm, A., Morris, M., Witzel, G., et al. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/790/1/1 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE EFFECTS OF ACCRETION FLOW DYNAMICS ON THE BLACK HOLE SHADOW OF SAGITTARIUS A*
Pu, H.-Y., Akiyama, K., & Asada, K. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/831/1/4 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
DISCOVERY OF SUBSTRUCTURE IN THE SCATTER-BROADENED IMAGE OF SGR A*
Gwinn, C. R., Kovalev, Y. Y., Johnson, M. D., & Soglasnov, V. A. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/794/1/l14 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Broderick, A. E., Fish, V. L., Doeleman, S. S., & Loeb, A. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/738/1/38 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationSupermassive dark-matter Q-balls in galactic centers?
Troitsky, S. V. (2016) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2016/11/027 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The impact of Faraday effects on polarized black hole images of Sagittarius A*
Jiménez-Rosales, A., & Dexter, J. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1210 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Astrophysics of resonant orbits in the Kerr metric
Brink, J., Geyer, M., & Hinderer, T. (2015) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.91.083001 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
IMAGING AN EVENT HORIZON: MITIGATION OF SOURCE VARIABILITY OF SAGITTARIUS A*
Lu, R. S., Roelofs, F., Fish, V. L., Shiokawa, H., Doeleman, S. S., Gammie, C. F., Falcke, H., Krichbaum, T. P., & Zensus, J. A. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/817/2/173 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationLu, X., Yang, F.-W., & Xie, Y. (2016) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4218-2 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Lu, R. S., Krichbaum, T. P., Roy, A. L., Fish, V. L., Doeleman, S. S., Johnson, M. D., Akiyama, K., Psaltis, D., Alef, W., Asada, K., et al. (2018) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationMASSES OF NEARBY SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES WITH VERY LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY
Johannsen, T., Psaltis, D., Gillessen, S., Marrone, D. P., Özel, F., Doeleman, S. S., & Fish, V. L. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/758/1/30 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE CIRCULAR POLARIZATION OF SAGITTARIUS A* AT SUBMILLIMETER WAVELENGTHS
Muñoz, D. J., Marrone, D. P., Moran, J. M., & Rao, R. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/745/2/115 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationEHT-HOPS Pipeline for Millimeter VLBI Data Reduction
Blackburn, L., Chan, C.-K., Crew, G., Fish, V. L., Issaoun, S., Johnson, M. D., Wielgus, M., Akiyama, K., Barrett, J., Bouman, K. L., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab328d · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of Electromagnetic Interaction on Galactic Center Flare Components
Tursunov, A., Zajaček, M., Eckart, A., Kološ, M., Britzen, S., Stuchlík, Z., Czerny, B., & Karas, V. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab980e · Cited by 47 · see citing works
EHT-HOPS pipeline for millimeter VLBI data reduction
Blackburn, L., Chan, C., Crew, G., Fish, V. L., Issaoun, S., Johnson, M. D., Wielgus, M., Akiyama, K., Barrett, J., Bouman, K. L., et al. (2019) · CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationDISCOVERY OF SUBSTRUCTURE IN THE SCATTER-BROADENED IMAGE OF SGR A*
Gwinn, C., Kovalev, Y., Johnson, M., & Soglasnov, V. (2014) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Metrics and Motivations for Earth–Space VLBI: Time-resolving Sgr A* with the Event Horizon Telescope
Palumbo, D. C. M., Doeleman, S. S., Johnson, M. D., Bouman, K. L., & Chael, A. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2bed · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationBroderick, A. E., Narayan, R., Kormendy, J., Perlman, E. S., Rieke, M. J., & Doeleman, S. S. (2015) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationIMAGING AN EVENT HORIZON: MITIGATION OF SOURCE VARIABILITY OF SAGITTARIUS A*
Roelofs, F., Shiokawa, H., Gammie, C. F., Falcke, H. D., Krichbaum, T. P., Zensus, J. A., Lu, R. S., Fish, V. L., & Doeleman, S. S. (2015) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-consistent spectra from radiative GRMHD simulations of accretion on to Sgr A*
Drappeau, S., Dibi, S., Dexter, J., Markoff, S., & Fragile, P. C. (2013) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt388 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Orbital Resonances Around Black Holes
Brink, J., Geyer, M., & Hinderer, T. (2015) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.114.081102 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Broderick, A. E., Loeb, A., & Reid, M. J. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/735/1/57 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Spacetime Tomography Using the Event Horizon Telescope
Tiede, P., Pu, H.-Y., Broderick, A. E., Gold, R., Karami, M., & Preciado-López, J. A. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab744c · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Unique probe of dark matter in the core of M87 with the Event Horizon Telescope
Lacroix, T., Karami, M., Broderick, A. E., Silk, J. I., & Bœhm, C. (2017) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.96.063008 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fish, V. L., Doeleman, S. S., Beaudoin, C., Blundell, R., Bolin, D. E., Bower, G. C., Chamberlin, R., Freund, R., Friberg, P., Gurwell, M. A., Honma, M., Inoue, M., Krichbaum, T. P., Lamb, J., Marrone, D. P., Moran, J. M., Oyama, T., Plambeck, R., Primiani, R., Rogers, A. E. E., Smythe, D. L., SooHoo, J., Strittmatter, P., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Weintroub, J., Wright, M., Woody, D., Young, K. H., & Ziurys, L. M.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (US)
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (JP)
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica (TW)
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (DE)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Dutch Research Council (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Fish, Vincent L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2011-01-10
- Volume
- 727
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- L36
- ISSN
- 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
- 2041-8213
- OpenAlex
- W2117092829
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 9.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (21244019)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
- Keywords
- Sgr A*, Galactic Center black hole, submillimeter interferometry, closure phases, Schwarzschild radius, black hole accretion, James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
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