Mapping the Milky Way Disk with Gaia DR3: 3D Extended Kinematic Maps and Rotation Curve to ≈30 kpc
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We apply a statistical deconvolution of the parallax errors based on Lucy’s inversion method (LIM) to the Gaia DR3 sources to measure their 3D velocity components in the range of Galactocentric distances R between 8 and 30 kpc with their corresponding errors and rms values. We find results that are consistent with those obtained by applying LIM to the Gaia DR2 sources, and we conclude that the method gives convergent and more accurate results by improving the statistics of the data set and lowering observational errors. The kinematic maps reconstructed with LIM up to R ≈ 30 kpc show that the Milky Way is characterized by asymmetrical motions with significant gradients in all velocity components. Furthermore, we determine the Galaxy rotation curve V C (R) up to ≈27.5 kpc with the cylindrical Jeans equation assuming an axisymmetric gravitational potential. We find that V C (R) is significantly declining up to the largest radius investigated. Finally, we also measure V C (R) at different vertical heights, showing that, for R < 15 kpc, there is a marked dependence on Z, whereas at larger R the dependence on Z is negligible.
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Wang et al. (2023) applied the Lucy iterative deconvolution method to the full Gaia DR3 source catalogue, statistically correcting the observed proper-motion distribution for parallax errors.
“Wang et al. (2023) applied the Lucy iterative deconvolution method to the full Gaia DR3 source catalogue, statistically correcting the observed proper-motion distribution for parallax errors.”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2023)
Section 3 (page not provided) says Wang et al. used Lucy’s inversion method to deconvolve parallax errors and statistically estimate distances and velocities for cells containing many stars. It describes deconvolving the distribution of sources along the line of sight, not the observed proper-motion distribution. The paper refers to a Gaia DR3 sample, but does not support the claim that the method was applied to the full source catalogue. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe Keplerian behaviour is not a feature of the Jiao et al. reanalysis alone: although neither Wang et al. (2023) nor Ou et al. (2024) explicitly claim a Keplerian decline, the outer slopes of their own RCs, taken at face value, are consistent with one.
“It is worth stressing that the Keplerian behaviour is not a feature of the Jiao et al. reanalysis alone: although neither Wang et al. (2023) nor Ou et al. (2024) explicitly claim a Keplerian decline, the outer slopes of their own RCs, taken at face value, are consistent with one”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2023)
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWang et al. (2023) found a significant north-south kinematic asymmetry at R ∼ 20-25 kpc-stars above and below the plane show mean radial velocities differing by ∼10-20 km s^-1-directly indicating non-axisymmetric or non-equilibrium kinematics, violating one of the key assumptions of the Jeans equation (15).
“An important finding is a significant north-south kinematic asymmetry at R ∼ 20-25 kpc-stars above and below the plane show mean radial velocities differing by ∼ 10-20 km s -1 -directly indicating non-axisymmetric or non-equilibrium kinematics, violating one of the key assumptions of the Jeans equation (15).”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2023)
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe subsequent DR3-based analyses of Wang et al. (2023), Jiao et al. (2023), and Ou et al. (2024) all find a steeper decline at R > 15 kpc.
“The subsequent DR3-based analyses of Wang et al. (2023), Jiao et al. (2023), and Ou et al. (2024) all find a steeper decline at R > 15 kpc, with the extreme interpretation of Jiao et al. (2023) claiming a Keplerian decline and a total mass nearly five times lower.”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2023
Jiao et al. (2023) re-derived the RC of Wang et al. (2023) with a revised binning and a full systematic error budget, and compared it with a preliminary version of Ou et al. (2024) after reconciling their different distance scales.
“Jiao et al. (2023) re-derived the RC of Wang et al. (2023) with a revised binning and a full systematic error budget, and compared it with a preliminary version of Ou et al. (2024) (circulated as Ou et al. 2023 on arXiv at the time of submission), after carefully reconciling their different distance scales;”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2023)
Wang et al. (2023) tabulated RC declines from vc ≈ 221-224 km s^-1 at R = 9.5-13.5 kpc to vc ≈ 175 km s^-1 at 27.5 kpc, with a fitted slope of -(2.3 ± 0.2) km s^-1 kpc^-1.
“Their tabulated RC (anticentre region, | z | < 3 kpc, R ⊙ = 8 . 34 kpc) declines from vc ≈ 221-224 km s -1 at R = 9 . 5-13 . 5 kpc to vc ≈ 175 km s -1 at 27 . 5 kpc, with a fitted slope of -(2 . 3 ± 0 . 2) km s -1 kpc -1 .”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2023)
The Wang et al. (2023) RC should be regarded as somewhat less directly anchored in distance than the spectrophotometric RGB-based determinations.
“The Wang et al. RC should therefore be regarded as somewhat less directly anchored in distance than the spectrophotometric RGB-based determinations.”
From The rotation curve of the Milky Way: State of the art, the Keplerian decline debate, and implications for dark matter (2026) · cites this paper as Wang et al. (2023)
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Wang, H., B, G. C. A., Li, X., Li, Q.-D., Spina, L., Chen, L., Wang, G.-Y., & Deng, L. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad3b90 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationSpace astrometry with Gaia: Advances in understanding our Galaxy
Perryman, M. A. C. (2025) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2025.09.004 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Tully–Fisher relation and the Bosma effect
Labini, F. S., Marzo, G. D., Straccamore, M., & Comerón, S. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3278 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
An overlooked source of uncertainty in the mass of the Milky Way
Oman, K. A., & Riley, A. H. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slae042 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
First measurement of the triaxiality of the inner dark matter halo of the Milky Way
Woudenberg, H. C., & Helmi, A. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451743 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kinematics of the Galactic Disk Based on Open Cluster Data
Попова, М. Э. (2023) · Astrophysical Bulletin · doi:10.1134/s1990341323020049 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Exploring the dark matter disk model in dwarf galaxies: Insights from the LITTLE THINGS sample
Labini, F. S., Capuzzo‐Dolcetta, R., Marzo, G. D., & Straccamore, M. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452556 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Yang, P., Wang, H., Luo, Z.-Q., Tepper-García, T., & Luo, Y. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acae84 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationThe missing radial velocities of Gaia: a catalogue of Bayesian estimates for DR3
Naik, A. P., & Widmark, A. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3822 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Milky Way accretion history compared to cosmological simulations
Hammer, F., Jiao, Y., Mamon, G. A., Yang, Y., Akib, I., Amram, P., Wang, H. F., Wang, J., & Chemin, L. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451381 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationMilky Way Dark Matter Distribution or MOND Test from Vertical Stellar Kinematics with Gaia DR3
López-Corredoira, M. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad94f5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, G.-Y., Wang, H., Luo, Y., Ting, Y.-S., Tepper-García, T., Bland‐Hawthorn, J., & Carlin, J. L. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad6d59 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationCosmological implications of the <i>Gaia</i> Milky Way declining rotation curve
Coquery, E., & Blanchard, A. (2025) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556337 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Milky Way and M31 rotation curves in Yukawa gravity: phenomenology and Bayesian analysis
Hassan, D. S., Danarianto, M. D., & Sulaksono, A. (2026) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-15428-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Topological constraints on general relativistic galaxy modelling
Galoppo, M. (2025) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14098-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kawata, D., Grand, R. J. J., Hunt, J. A. S., & Ciucă, I. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21439-4.00064-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Implications of the Milky Way declining rotation curve
Moffat, J. W., Sharron, H., & Toth, V. T. (2025) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271825500348 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Beordo, W., Crosta, M., & Lattanzi, M. G. (2024) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2024/12/024 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ou, X., Necib, L., Wetzel, A. R., Frebel, A., Bailin, J., & Oeur, M. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae0b63 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A deep Hα survey of the Carina tangent arm direction
Russeil, D., Zavagno, A., Amram, P., Elia, D., Molinari, S., & Coarer, E. P. L. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346973 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Can Milky Way’s Rotation Curve Constrain Dark Matter Gravity-Matter Coupling?
Hassan, D. S., Danarianto, M. D., & Sulaksono, A. (2025) · Springer proceedings in physics · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-1344-1_23 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flat Circular Velocities on a Megaparsec Scale from the ΛCDM Model
Popolo, A. D., & Chan, M. H. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adcc1c · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Milky Way Mass Through Escape Velocity Curve from LAMOST K Giants
Wu, Y., Li, H., Huang, Y., Xue, X.-X., & Zhao, G. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adf2a4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The rotation curve of the Milky Way measured by classical Cepheids from <i>Gaia</i> DR3
Feng, Q., Huang, Y., Zhang, H., & Liu, J. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag011 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Singh, A., & Desai, S. (2026) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-026-04589-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Mass and Redshift Dependence of Halo Star Clustering
Tan, Z., Wang, W., He, J., Zhang, Y., Rodríguez-Gómez, V., Han, J., Li, Z., & Yang, X. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad834a · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Conjecture on the Possible Another Supermassive Black Hole in the Bar of Our Milky WayPreprint
Zhu, Y. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202406.1730.v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Optics Effect on the Observed Image about Sgr A* and Orbits of S-StarsPreprint
Zhu, Y. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202407.2142.v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Melchiorri, A., & Ruchika (2026) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2026.101758
Exact solutions with asymptotically flat galactic rotation curves
Sengupta, S. (2026) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2026.117546
The DR3 Milky Way Rotation Curve within the Framework of General Relativity Without Dark Matter
Canac, M. (2024) · Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences · doi:10.1142/s2424942424500087
Kinematics of the Milky Way from the Statistical Analysis of the Gaia Data Release 3
Závada, P., & Píška, K. (2025) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies13010010
Dynamical Models of the Milky Way in Action Space with LAMOST DR8 and Gaia EDR3
Sun, G.-C., Wang, Q., Mao, S., Li, Y., Long, R. J., Ding, P.-J., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., & Chen, X. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb57e
Zhou, J.-X., Li, G.-X., & Chen, B. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1222
Breaking the Degeneracy between Warps and Radial Flows in External Galaxies
Labini, F. S., Marzo, G. D., & Straccamore, M. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc71c · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Investigating the origin of the Milky Way streams
Asencio, E., Kroupa, P., & Thies, I. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451179
Line-of-sight acceleration as a test of the Galactic Yukawa potential
Barbosa, F. A. D. S., Amendola, L., Rodrigues, D. C., & Capuzzo‐Dolcetta, R. (2025) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2025.102087
No evidence for Keplerian taper of far-out galactic rotation in the SPARC galaxy database
Bariego-Quintana, A., & Llanes–Estrada, F. J. (2026) · New Astronomy · doi:10.1016/j.newast.2026.102537
The odd primordial halo of the Milky Way implied by Gaia : A shallow core, but a steep decline
Li, P., McGaugh, S., Pawlowski, M. S., Hammer, F., & Sellwood, J. A. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557021
Signatures of Galactic expansion in Gaia DR3: implications for the JWST early-Galaxy observations
Karapetian, G. S., Mahtessian, A. P., Hovhannisyan, M. A., Mahtessian, L. A., & Byzalov, L. E. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag451
Local Jeans estimates of the Galaxy’s circular velocity, based on RGB stars from the Gaia catalogue
Fedorov, P. N., Dmytrenko, A., Akhmetov, V. S., Velichko, A. B., Железняк, А. П., Khramtsov, V., Denyshchenko, S. I., Vavilova, I. B., Dobrycheva, D. V., Sergijenko, O., et al. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag1310
Gaussian Process Methods for Very Large Astrometric Data Sets
Hapitas, T., Widrow, L. M., Dharmawardena, T. E., & Foreman-Mackey, D. T. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae0d87
Rotation Curves of Galaxies: A New Theoretical Approach and Comparison With Observations
Klačka, J. (2026) · Advances in Astronomy · doi:10.1155/aa/8364318
Challenges in Binary Pulsar Timing Detection of Dark Matter Subhalos
Wang, Z., Xia, Z.-Q., Tsai, Y.-L. S., & Fan, Y.-Z. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae7de6
Constraining the Geometry of Galactic Dark Matter with Gaia Data Release 3
Labini, F. S., & Capuzzo-Dolcetta, R. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae7be7
The VLA Frontier Fields Survey: A 6 GHz High-resolution Radio Survey of A2744
Orozco, E., Jiménez-Andrade, E. F., Murphy, E. J., Smail, I. R., Momjian, E., Heywood, I., Vega, M. A., & DeCoursey, C. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae7a2f
Distinct gas and stellar circular velocity curves in the Milky Way
Nelson, A. H., Sofue, Y., & Williams, P. R. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202661010
Woudenberg, H. C. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.5281/zenodo.13881902
- Authors
- Wang, H.-F., Chrobáková, Ž., López-Corredoira, M., & Sylos Labini, F.
- Affiliations
- Comenius University Bratislava (SK)
- Universidad de La Laguna (ES)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2022-12-28
- Volume
- 942
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W4312223069
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 11
- FWCI
- 5.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- NSFC (12173028)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- Galactic disk, Gaia DR3, rotation curves, disk kinematics
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