The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background Protein ingestion after a single bout of resistance-type exercise stimulates net muscle protein accretion during acute postexercise recovery. Consequently, it is generally accepted that protein supplementation is required to maximize the adaptive response of the skeletal muscle to prolonged resistance-type exercise training. However, there is much discrepancy in the literature regarding the proposed benefits of protein supplementation during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in younger and older populations.Objective The objective of the study was to define the efficacy of protein supplementation to augment the adaptive response of the skeletal muscle to prolonged resistance-type exercise training in younger and older populations.Design A systematic review of interventional evidence was performed through the use of a random-effects meta-analysis model. Data from the outcome variables fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass, type I and II muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) leg press strength were collected from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of dietary protein supplementation during prolonged (>6 wk) resistance-type exercise training.Results Data were included from 22 RCTs that included 680 subjects. Protein supplementation showed a positive effect for FFM (weighted mean difference: 0.69 kg; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.91 kg; P < 0.00001) and 1-RM leg press strength (weighted mean difference: 13.5 kg; 95% CI: 6.4, 20.7 kg; P < 0.005) compared with a placebo after prolonged resistance-type exercise training in younger and older subjects.Conclusion Protein supplementation increases muscle mass and strength gains during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in both younger and older subjects.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“The insertion of clinical trials testing multi‐ingredient supplements, 106 including energy‐restricted weight‐loss diets, 13 or using different cut‐off points for age sub‐groups likely explain the differences in main effects and conclusions when comparing studies. 14 , 21 , 22 , 23”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of protein intake to support muscle mass and function in healthy adults (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“This question is relevant as protein supplementation rarely substantially affects strength outcomes, 14 , 21 , 22 , 23 which highlights that the extra LBM gain stimulated by protein supplementation may not be muscle, 111 or at least not sufficient muscle that is contributing to increases in strength.”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of protein intake to support muscle mass and function in healthy adults (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of literature is available that suggests higher amounts of protein are needed by exercising individuals to optimize exercise training adaptations [11, 83, 211, 226].”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [211]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The anabolic effects of insulin and amino acids on protein synthesis are enhanced by physical activity and some nutrients (omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D) and are impaired by sedentary lifestyle, bed rest, or immobilization (Figure 2).53,120,121”
From Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group (2013) · cites this paper as [53]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Pooled results of multiple studies using meta-analytic and other systematic approaches consistently indicate that protein supplementation (15 to 25 g over 4 to 21 weeks) exerts a positive impact on performance.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This lack of agreement on the efficacy of protein supplementation6–12 is likely due to the use of divergent study inclusion criteria and inclusion of subjects with differing: ages, training statuses, total protein intakes, protein sources and protein doses.”
From A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Previous data from our group 14 and Cermak et al. 23 showed very small but significant effect of additional protein ingestion on strength, mainly lower body strength data when selecting RE studies.”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of protein intake to support muscle mass and function in healthy adults (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“According to previous meta‐analyses from our group and others, the effects of increasing daily protein ingestion on muscle strength are highly variable. 14 , 21 , 22 , 23”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of protein intake to support muscle mass and function in healthy adults (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, amount of CAS supplementation used in this study is relatively low in comparison with those used in the previous studies (10–63 g/d or 0.3 g/kg/d) (10,11).”
From Modulation of Neural and Muscular Adaptation Processes During Resistance Training by Fish Protein Ingestions in Older Adults (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Because protein supplementation mainly induces muscular adaptations such as muscle hypertrophy, contributions of neural and muscular factors to training-induced adaptation would not be coincidence between resistance training interventions with and without protein supplementation.”
From Modulation of Neural and Muscular Adaptation Processes During Resistance Training by Fish Protein Ingestions in Older Adults (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cermak 2012 53 Protein supplementation increases muscle mass and strength gains during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in both younger and older subjects”
From Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group (2013) · cites this paper as Cermak 2012 53
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The present meta-analysis includes more than double the number of studies and participants than the largest published comprehensive meta-analysis on protein supplementation during RET to date.7ST1”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Most meta‐analyses have reported consistently positive results regarding the effect of additional protein ingestion on RE training‐induced increases in LBM. 13 , 14 , 21 , 23”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of protein intake to support muscle mass and function in healthy adults (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“An abundance of evidence is available, however, to indicate that ingestion of high-quality protein sources can heighten adaptations to resistance training [211].”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [211]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Results of a meta-analysis of 22 RCTs involving 680 young and old subjects demonstrated that prolonged resistance training (>6 weeks) combined with cotemporal protein supplement consumption led to significant muscle mass gains, which were associated with significant strength gains. 53”
From Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group (2013) · cites this paper as [53]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“a meta-analysis by Cermak and colleagues [35] reported a mean increase in fat-free mass of 0.69 kg (95% Confidence Interval: 0.47–0.91 kg) when protein supplementation was provided versus a placebo during a resistance-training program.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [35]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Despite a large volume of work in this area, narrative reviews1–5 and even meta-analyses6–12 yield conflicting results as to the actual effectiveness of protein supplementation to enhance RET-mediated gains in muscle mass and strength.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cermak et al. 23 showed a significant main effect for protein supplementation in muscle mass in young and old subjects during resistance exercise‐like training.”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of protein intake to support muscle mass and function in healthy adults (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There has been growing recognition that increases in muscle mass and strength following resistance training is elicited by protein supplementation in older adults (10,11).”
From Modulation of Neural and Muscular Adaptation Processes During Resistance Training by Fish Protein Ingestions in Older Adults (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In most of the previous studies, casein, whey, and/or milk protein have been used as protein supplementations to test the effect of its combination with resistance training (10,11)”
From Modulation of Neural and Muscular Adaptation Processes During Resistance Training by Fish Protein Ingestions in Older Adults (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Consuming supplemental protein during resistance training (RT) can result in an increased accretion of LBM (2).”
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“While interesting, the inability of the group that delayed supplementation but still completed the resistance training program to experience any measurable increase in muscle cross-sectional area has led some to question the outcomes resulting from this study [5, 123].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Nutrition and exercise interventions are the two of the most promising strategies in the management of sarcopenic obesity.17–19”
From Nutritional and exercise interventions in individuals with sarcopenic obesity around retirement age: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“As with endurance exercise, nutrition can play a critical role in augmenting the adaptive stimulus that comes from resistance exercise [84].”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore supplementation of protein during a program of resistance training is well proven to enhance lean mass/muscle gains [84].”
From New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance (2016) · cites this paper as [84]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529310 · Cited by 81,148
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research
Rosenthal, R. (1991) · doi:10.4135/9781412984997 · Cited by 4,635
Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research.
Metcalfe, A., & Rosenthal, R. (1994) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348600 · Cited by 4,249
Houston, D. K., Nicklas, B. J., Ding, J., Harris, T. B., Tylavsky, F. A., Newman, A. B., Lee, J. S., Sahyoun, N. R., Visser, M., & Kritchevsky, S. B. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.1.150 · Cited by 1,214
Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle
Cuthbertson, D., Smith, K., Babraj, J., Leese, G., Waddell, T., Atherton, P., Wackerhage, H., Taylor, P. M., & Rennie, M. J. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-2640fje · Cited by 1,211 · cited 2×
“Because the muscle protein synthetic response to nutritional (42, 43) and/or exercise (44, 45) stimuli has been reported to be blunted in senescent muscle, it is of even greater importance to define dietary interventions that can augment the benefits of exercise training in the elderly population.”
BackgroundMuscle strength and speed of movement in relation to age and muscle morphology
Larsson, L., Grimby, G., & Karlsson, J. (1979) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1979.46.3.451 · Cited by 1,135
Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans
Phillips, S. M., Tipton, K. D., Aarsland, A., Wolf, S. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.1.e99 · Cited by 1,132
Sarcopenia: its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives
Rolland, Y., Czerwinski, S., van Kan, G. A., Morley, J. E., Cesari, M., Onder, G., Woo, J., Baumgartner, R., Pillard, F., Boirie, Y., et al. (2008) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/bf02982704 · Cited by 1,071
A cross-sectional study of muscle strength and mass in 45- to 78-yr-old men and women
Frontera, W. R., HUGHES, V. A., Lutz, K. J., & Evans, W. J. (1991) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.71.2.644 · Cited by 1,011
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Tipton, 1999, Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids, Am J Physiol, 276, E628
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bauer, J., Biolo, G., Cederholm, T., Cesari, M., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Morley, J. E., Phillips, S., Sieber, C., Stehle, P., Teta, D., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021 · Cited by 2,553
Skeletal muscle: A brief review of structure and function
Frontera, W. R., & Ochala, J. (2015) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-014-9915-y · Cited by 1,758
Morton, R. W., Murphy, K. T., McKellar, S. R., Schoenfeld, B. J., Henselmans, M., Helms, E., Aragon, A. A., Devries, M. C., Banfield, L., Krieger, J. W., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608 · Cited by 1,269
IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-performance Athlete
Maughan, R. J., Burke, L. M., Dvorak, J., Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, P., Phillips, S. M., Rawson, E. S., Walsh, N. P., Garthe, I., Geyer, H., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027 · Cited by 1,004
Self-citationISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations
Kerksick, C. M., Wilborn, C. D., Roberts, M. D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S. M., Jäger, R., Collins, R., Cooke, M., Davis, J. N., Galvan, E., et al. (2018) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y · Cited by 945
Metadata
- Authors
- Cermak, N. M., Res, P. T., de Groot, L. C., Saris, W. H., & van Loon, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1454-1464
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2113082753
- Cited by
- 827
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- protein supplementation, skeletal muscle adaptation, muscle protein accretion, fat-free mass, muscle strength, leg press strength, muscle fiber cross-sectional area, older adults, muscle hypertrophy
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Dietary Proteins, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements, Muscle Development, Muscle Strength, Resistance Training
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
