Reducing the energy density of multiple meals decreases the energy intake of preschool-age children
Open accessAbstract
Background The energy density (ED) of an entrée affects children's energy intake at a meal consumed ad libitum. However, the effects in children of changing the ED of meals over multiple days are unknown.Objective We aimed to test the effect of reducing the ED of multiple meals on the ad libitum energy intake of preschool-age children over 2 d.Design In this crossover study, 3- to 5-y-old children (n = 10 boys, 16 girls) were served manipulated breakfasts, lunches, and afternoon snacks 2 d/wk for 2 wk. Foods and beverages served at these meals during 1 wk were lower in ED than were those served during the other week. ED reductions were achieved by decreasing fat and sugar and by increasing fruit and vegetables. Dinner and an evening snack were sent home with children, but these meals did not vary in ED. The same 2-d menu was served in both conditions.Results Children consumed a consistent weight of foods and beverages over 2 d in both conditions, and therefore their energy consumption declined by 389 +/- 72 kcal (14%) in the lower-ED condition, a significant decrease (P < 0.0001). Differences in energy intake were significant at breakfast on day 1, and they accumulated at manipulated meals over 2 d (P < 0.01). Intake of the nonmanipulated meals was similar between conditions.Conclusions Children's energy intake is influenced by the ED of foods and beverages served over multiple days. These results strengthen the evidence that reducing the ED of the diet is an effective strategy for moderating children's energy intake.
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It follows that substituting less energy-dense foods for more energy-dense foods should decrease total energy intake.
“it follows that substituting less energy-dense foods for more energy-dense foods should decrease total energy intake [43,44].”
From Healthier side dishes at restaurants: an analysis of children's perspectives, menu content, and energy impacts (2014) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental research on energy density suggests that children consume a consistent weight of food.
“experimental research on energy density suggests that children consume a consistent weight of food”
From Healthier side dishes at restaurants: an analysis of children's perspectives, menu content, and energy impacts (2014) · cites this paper as [44]
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- Authors
- Leahy, K. E., Birch, L. L., & Rolls, B. J.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rolls, Barbara J
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1459-1468
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2113876353
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 9.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- energy density, energy intake, preschool children, ad libitum feeding, dietary fat reduction, sugar reduction, fruit and vegetable intake, breakfast, lunch, snacks, childhood obesity prevention
- MeSH terms
- Energy Intake, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Child, Preschool, Dietary Fats, Eating, Female, Fruit, Humans, Male, Menu Planning, Nutritive Value, Obesity, Vegetables, Cross-Over Studies, Dietary Sucrose, Overweight
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