The relationship between dietary energy density and energy intake
Open accessAbstract
Much of the research in ingestive behavior has focused on the macronutrient composition of foods; however, these studies are incomplete, or could be misleading, if they do not consider the energy density (ED) of the diet under investigation. Lowering the ED (kcal/g) by increasing the volume of preloads without changing macronutrient content can enhance satiety and reduce subsequent energy intake at a meal. Ad libitum intake or satiation has also been shown to be influenced by ED when the proportions of macronutrients are constant. Since people tend to eat a consistent weight of food, when the ED of the available foods is reduced, energy intake is reduced. The effects of ED have been seen in adults of different weight status, sex, and behavioral characteristics, as well as in 3- to 5-year-old children. The mechanisms underlying the response to variations in ED are not yet well understood and data from controlled studies lasting more than several days are limited. However, both population-based studies and long-term clinical trials indicate that the effects of dietary ED can be persistent. Several clinical trials have shown that reducing the ED of the diet by the addition of water-rich foods such as fruits and vegetables was associated with substantial weight loss even when patients were not told to restrict calories. Since lowering dietary energy density could provide effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity, there is a need for more studies of mechanisms underlying the effect and ways to apply these findings.
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The approximately 85% higher energy density of non-beverage foods in the ultra-processed diet likely contributed to the observed excess energy intake.
“the ~85% higher energy density of the non-beverage foods in the ultra-processed versus unprocessed diets (Table 1) likely contributed to the observed excess energy intake”
From Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake (2019) · cites this paper as Rolls, 2009
It follows that substituting less energy-dense foods for more energy-dense foods should decrease total energy intake.
“it follows that substituting less energy-dense foods for more energy-dense foods should decrease total energy intake [43,44].”
From Healthier side dishes at restaurants: an analysis of children's perspectives, menu content, and energy impacts (2014) · cites this paper as [43]
Experimental research on energy density suggests that children consume a consistent weight of food.
“experimental research on energy density suggests that children consume a consistent weight of food”
From Healthier side dishes at restaurants: an analysis of children's perspectives, menu content, and energy impacts (2014) · cites this paper as [43]
Reducing energy density spontaneously reduces the energy intake of the meal because individuals tend to eat a consistent weight of food.
“Because individuals tend to eat a consistent weight of food, reducing the energy density will spontaneously reduce the energy intake of the meal [77].”
From Homeostatic and Circadian Control of Food Intake: Clinical Strategies to Prevent Overconsumption (2013) · cites this paper as [77]
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- Authors
- Rolls, B. J.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rolls, Barbara J.
- ORCID
- Rolls, Barbara J.
- Venue
- Physiology & Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 609-615
- ISSN
- 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4182946
- OpenAlex
- W2094906321
- Cited by
- 484
- References
- 63
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- FWCI
- 13.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01DK059853, R37DK039177)
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- dietary energy density, energy intake, satiety, preload, macronutrient composition, satiation, weight loss, obesity prevention, fruits and vegetables, ingestive behavior, children
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Energy Intake, Diet, Humans, Satiation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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