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Nuts and novel biomarkers of cardiovascular disease
Open accessAbstract
Nuts are energy-dense foods, rich in total fat and unsaturated fatty acids. The favorable fatty acid profile probably contributes to the beneficial effects of nut consumption observed in epidemiologic studies (prevention of coronary heart disease and diabetes) and feeding trials (cholesterol lowering). Besides fat, the complex matrices of nuts contain many bioactive compounds: vegetable protein, fiber, minerals, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds. By virtue of their unique composition, nuts are likely to benefit newer cardiovascular risk biomarkers, such as LDL oxidizability, soluble inflammatory molecules, and endothelial dysfunction. Protection of LDL oxidation by nut intake has been documented in some, but not all, clinical studies. In one study, feeding one daily serving of mixed nuts was associated with lower oxidized LDL concentrations. Regarding inflammation, cross-sectional studies have shown that nut consumption is associated with lower concentrations of circulating inflammatory molecules and higher plasma adiponectin, a potent antiinflammatory adipokine. Clinical studies with nuts have documented reduced inflammatory cytokine concentrations but no consistent changes of C-reactive protein. Only walnuts have been formally tested for effects on endothelial function. After both walnut diets and single walnut meals, favorable vasoreactivity changes have been observed. Walnut consumption also reduced expression of endothelin 1, a potent endothelial activator, in an animal model of accelerated atherosclerosis. Beneficial effects on vascular reactivity may be ascribed to several constituents of walnuts: l-arginine, the precursor of nitric oxide, alpha-linolenic acid, and phenolic antioxidants. Although more studies are warranted, the emerging picture is that nut consumption beneficially influences cardiovascular risk beyond cholesterol lowering.
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“Because chronic low-grade inflammation is a pathogenetic factor in diabetes, synergy among the anti-inflammatory properties of the MedDiet and those specific to virgin olive oil ( 18 ) and nuts ( 19 ) might also be relevant to diabetes risk reduction.”
From Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With the Mediterranean Diet (2011) · cites this paper as [19]
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“In RCTs, nut consumption reduces total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, postprandial hyperglycemia from high-carbohydrate meals, and (variably) oxidative, inflammatory, and endothelial biomarkers.55,57–59”
From Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights (2011) · cites this paper as [57]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ros, E.
- Affiliations
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Ros, Emilio
- ORCID
- Ros, Emilio
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1649S-1656S
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2104906024
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCLA - Biblioteca de Ciencias de la Salud (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nuts composition and effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- nuts, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk markers, LDL oxidation, inflammation, adiponectin, endothelial function, Juglans regia, phenolic compounds, alpha-linolenic acid, L-arginine, nitric oxide, endothelin-1, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, dietary fat
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Dietary Fats, Disease Models, Animal, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Inflammation, Lipoproteins, LDL, Nuts, Risk Factors, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Biomarkers, Adiponectin
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