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Nuts and novel biomarkers of cardiovascular disease
Open accessAbstract
Nuts are energy-dense foods, rich in total fat and unsaturated fatty acids. The favorable fatty acid profile probably contributes to the beneficial effects of nut consumption observed in epidemiologic studies (prevention of coronary heart disease and diabetes) and feeding trials (cholesterol lowering). Besides fat, the complex matrices of nuts contain many bioactive compounds: vegetable protein, fiber, minerals, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds. By virtue of their unique composition, nuts are likely to benefit newer cardiovascular risk biomarkers, such as LDL oxidizability, soluble inflammatory molecules, and endothelial dysfunction. Protection of LDL oxidation by nut intake has been documented in some, but not all, clinical studies. In one study, feeding one daily serving of mixed nuts was associated with lower oxidized LDL concentrations. Regarding inflammation, cross-sectional studies have shown that nut consumption is associated with lower concentrations of circulating inflammatory molecules and higher plasma adiponectin, a potent antiinflammatory adipokine. Clinical studies with nuts have documented reduced inflammatory cytokine concentrations but no consistent changes of C-reactive protein. Only walnuts have been formally tested for effects on endothelial function. After both walnut diets and single walnut meals, favorable vasoreactivity changes have been observed. Walnut consumption also reduced expression of endothelin 1, a potent endothelial activator, in an animal model of accelerated atherosclerosis. Beneficial effects on vascular reactivity may be ascribed to several constituents of walnuts: l-arginine, the precursor of nitric oxide, alpha-linolenic acid, and phenolic antioxidants. Although more studies are warranted, the emerging picture is that nut consumption beneficially influences cardiovascular risk beyond cholesterol lowering.
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“Because chronic low-grade inflammation is a pathogenetic factor in diabetes, synergy among the anti-inflammatory properties of the MedDiet and those specific to virgin olive oil ( 18 ) and nuts ( 19 ) might also be relevant to diabetes risk reduction.”
From Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With the Mediterranean Diet (2011) · cites this paper as [19]
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“In RCTs, nut consumption reduces total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, postprandial hyperglycemia from high-carbohydrate meals, and (variably) oxidative, inflammatory, and endothelial biomarkers.55,57–59”
From Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights (2011) · cites this paper as [57]
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Effect of nut consumption on oxidative stress and the endothelial function in metabolic syndrome
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“Endothelial dysfunction, a critical early event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis characterized by the reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (endogenous vasodilator) and the increased expression of cellular adhesion molecules, is related to perfusion abnormalities and the causation of ischemic events.47 Nuts ar…”
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Nuts Improve Diet Quality Compared to Other Energy-Dense Snacks While Maintaining Body Weight
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ResultWalnuts Decrease Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Summary of Efficacy and Biologic Mechanisms
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BackgroundO’Neil, C. E., Keast, D. R., Nicklas, T. A., & Fulgoni, V. L. I. (2012) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.01.005 · Cited by 82
“Dietary intervention trials with nuts examining CRP levels and the association with nut consumption have shown conflicting results [53,54].”
ResultDomínguez-Avila, J. A., ́Álvarez-Parrilla, E., López‐Díaz, J. A., Maldonado‐Mendoza, I. E., Gómez-García, M. D. C., & la Rosa, L. A. D. (2014) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.092 · Cited by 86
Genetic dissection of vitamin E biosynthesis in tomato
Almeida, J., Quadrana, L., Asís, R., de Setta, N., de Godoy, F., Bermúdez, L. F., Otaiza-González, S. N., da Silva, J. V. C., Fernie, A. R., Carrari, F. O., et al. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/err055 · Cited by 82
“Recent studies have reinforced the hypothesis of beneficial effects of VTE on human health, mainly in the prevention of coronary heart disease, breast cancer, and protection against nicotineinduced oxidative stress in the brain (Das et al., 2009; Ros 2009; Zhang et al., 2009).”
BackgroundRecent Advances in Preventive Cardiology and Lifestyle Medicine
Franklin, B. A., & Cushman, M. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.981613 · Cited by 82
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease
Flock, M. R., & Kris‐Etherton, P. M. (2011) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-011-0205-0 · Cited by 84
“susceptibility of LDL-C oxidation, improves endothelial function, and reduces inflammation [25].”
BackgroundThe glycemic effect of nut-enriched meals in healthy and diabetic subjects
Kendall, C. W. C., Esfahani, A., Josse, A. R., Augustin, L. S. A., Vidgen, E., & Jenkins, D. J. A. (2011) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2011.03.013 · Cited by 77
“This protective effect may in part be explained by the favorable impact of nuts on serum lipids [7], oxidative stress [8] and markers of inflammation [9,10].”
BackgroundTey, S. L., Gray, A., Chisholm, A., Delahunty, C., & Brown, R. (2013) · Journal of NutriLife · doi:10.3945/jn.113.174714 · Cited by 68
ER Stress and Lipid Metabolism in Adipocytes
Zha, B. S., & Zhou, H. (2012) · Biochemistry Research International · doi:10.1155/2012/312943 · Cited by 76
Nuts, inflammation and insulin resistance.
Casas‐Agustench, P., Bulló, M., & Salas‐Salvadó, J. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 73
Jahanban‐Esfahlan, A., & Amarowicz, R. (2018) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c8ra03684e · Cited by 75
Kendall, C. W. C., West, S. G., Augustin, L. S., Esfahani, A., Vidgen, E., Bashyam, B., Sauder, K. A., Campbell, J., Chiavaroli, L., Jenkins, A. L., et al. (2014) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.275 · Cited by 72
Tulipani, S., Urpí-Sardà, M., Garcı́a-Villalba, R., Rabassa, M., López-Uriarte, P. J., Bulló, M., Jáuregui, O., Tomás-Barberán, F. A., Salas‐Salvadó, J., Espı́n, J. C., et al. (2012) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf301509w · Cited by 71
Kendall, C. W. C., Josse, A. R., Esfahani, A., & Jenkins, D. J. A. (2011) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.12 · Cited by 69
“, 2002) and markers of inflammation (Jiang et al., 2006; Ros, 2009).”
BackgroundExercise and diet in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Mahady, S. E., & George, J. (2015) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.10.032 · Cited by 73
“Walnuts have been of particular interest given their high content of the omega-3 fatty acid, alphalinolenic acid (ALA), and a high walnut intake is associated with lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in large epidemiological studies [79].”
BackgroundPierce, J. P., Natarajan, L., Caan, B. J., Flatt, S. W., Kealey, S., Gold, E. B., Hajek, R. A., Newman, V. A., Rock, C. L., Pu, M., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736f · Cited by 66
Food, plant food, and vegetarian diets in the US dietary guidelines: conclusions of an expert panel
Jacobs, D. R., Haddad, E. H., Lanou, A. J., & Messina, M. J. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736c · Cited by 66
Hernandez, E. M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-78242-247-1.00004-1 · Cited by 66
Policarpi, P. D. B., Turcatto, L., Demoliner, F., Ferrari, R. A., Frescura, V. L. A., Ramos, J. C., Jachmanián, I., Vitali, L., Micke, G. A., & Block, J. M. (2017) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.069 · Cited by 65
Pérez‐Martínez, P., Ordovás, J. M., García‐Ríos, A., Delgado‐Lista, J., Delgado‐Casado, N., Cruz‐Teno, C., Camargo, A., Yubero‐Serrano, E. M., Rodriguez, F., & Pérez‐Jiménez, F. (2009) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.07.008 · Cited by 62
“Given the widespread interest in the use of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention and therapy of a number of diseases including cardiovascular diseases [13,14], and the inconsistencies found so far, this subject is in need of more in depth investigation.”
BackgroundGopinath, B., Buyken, A. E., Flood, V. M., Empson, M. B., Rochtchina, E., & Mitchell, P. L. R. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.009977 · Cited by 62
“Magnesium, a mineral found in nuts at higher amounts than in other edible plants (31), could contribute to the reduction of inflammatory markers (30).”
BackgroundNuts in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome
Salas‐Salvadó, J., Guasch‐Ferré, M., Bulló, M., & Sabaté, J. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.071530 · Cited by 61
Aronis, K. N., Vamvini, M. T., Chamberland, J. P., Sweeney, L. L., Brennan, A. M., Magkos, F., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2011) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.09.008 · Cited by 61
“They are particularly rich sources of the polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic and αlinolenic acids, and also contain high amounts of dietary fiber, arginine-rich protein, potassium, copper, and magnesium, as well as antioxidant vitamin E and other compounds with biological activity such as flavonoids, other polypheno…”
BackgroundQuality estimation of nuts using deep learning classification of hyperspectral imagery
Han, Y., Liu, Z., Khoshelham, K., & Bai, S. H. (2020) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2020.105868 · Cited by 61
Cancer Chemoprevention With Nuts
Falasca, M., Casari, I., & Maffucci, T. (2014) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/dju238 · Cited by 61
Nutritional evaluation and health promoting activities of nuts and seeds cultivated in Greece
Kalogeropoulos, N., Chiou, A., Ioannou, M. S., & Karathanos, V. Τ. (2013) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.3109/09637486.2013.793298 · Cited by 59
“Numerous clinical studies have evaluated the effects of nut consumption on lipids and lipoproteins, and CDV (Griel & Kris-Etherton, 2006; Ros, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialNut consumption has favorable effects on lipid profiles of Korean women with metabolic syndrome
Lee, Y. J., Nam, G. E., Seo, J. A., Yoon, T., Seo, I., Lee, J. H., Im, D., Bahn, K.-N., Jeong, S. A., Kang, T. S., et al. (2014) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2014.08.011 · Cited by 57
“[28] Ros E.”
BackgroundResult
Metadata
- Authors
- Ros, E.
- Affiliations
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Ros, Emilio
- ORCID
- Ros, Emilio
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1649S-1656S
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2104906024
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCLA - Biblioteca de Ciencias de la Salud (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nuts composition and effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- nuts, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk markers, LDL oxidation, inflammation, adiponectin, endothelial function, Juglans regia, phenolic compounds, alpha-linolenic acid, L-arginine, nitric oxide, endothelin-1, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, dietary fat
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Dietary Fats, Disease Models, Animal, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Inflammation, Lipoproteins, LDL, Nuts, Risk Factors, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Biomarkers, Adiponectin
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