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Nuts and novel biomarkers of cardiovascular disease
Open accessAbstract
Nuts are energy-dense foods, rich in total fat and unsaturated fatty acids. The favorable fatty acid profile probably contributes to the beneficial effects of nut consumption observed in epidemiologic studies (prevention of coronary heart disease and diabetes) and feeding trials (cholesterol lowering). Besides fat, the complex matrices of nuts contain many bioactive compounds: vegetable protein, fiber, minerals, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds. By virtue of their unique composition, nuts are likely to benefit newer cardiovascular risk biomarkers, such as LDL oxidizability, soluble inflammatory molecules, and endothelial dysfunction. Protection of LDL oxidation by nut intake has been documented in some, but not all, clinical studies. In one study, feeding one daily serving of mixed nuts was associated with lower oxidized LDL concentrations. Regarding inflammation, cross-sectional studies have shown that nut consumption is associated with lower concentrations of circulating inflammatory molecules and higher plasma adiponectin, a potent antiinflammatory adipokine. Clinical studies with nuts have documented reduced inflammatory cytokine concentrations but no consistent changes of C-reactive protein. Only walnuts have been formally tested for effects on endothelial function. After both walnut diets and single walnut meals, favorable vasoreactivity changes have been observed. Walnut consumption also reduced expression of endothelin 1, a potent endothelial activator, in an animal model of accelerated atherosclerosis. Beneficial effects on vascular reactivity may be ascribed to several constituents of walnuts: l-arginine, the precursor of nitric oxide, alpha-linolenic acid, and phenolic antioxidants. Although more studies are warranted, the emerging picture is that nut consumption beneficially influences cardiovascular risk beyond cholesterol lowering.
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“Because chronic low-grade inflammation is a pathogenetic factor in diabetes, synergy among the anti-inflammatory properties of the MedDiet and those specific to virgin olive oil ( 18 ) and nuts ( 19 ) might also be relevant to diabetes risk reduction.”
From Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With the Mediterranean Diet (2011) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“In RCTs, nut consumption reduces total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, postprandial hyperglycemia from high-carbohydrate meals, and (variably) oxidative, inflammatory, and endothelial biomarkers.55,57–59”
From Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights (2011) · cites this paper as [57]
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Davidi, A., Reynolds, J., Njike, V. Y., Ma, Y., Doughty, K. N., & Katz, D. L. (2011) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-277x.2011.01201.x · Cited by 13
Loewe-Muñoz, V., Álvarez, A., & Navarro-Cerrillo, R. M. (2018) · Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology · doi:10.1080/11263504.2018.1435587 · Cited by 13
“…a fatty acid profile in which polyunsaturated (PUFA) are more abundant, with a prevalence of linoleic acid (Nasri et al. 2005; Ros and Mataix 2006; Ryan et al. 2006; Ros 2009; Evaristo et al. 2010; Kornsteiner-Krenn et al. 2013), as also happens in P. maximartinezii pine nuts (López-Mata 2001).”
Comparing Physical and Biochemical Properties of Dried and Fresh Kernels of Persian Walnut
Pakrah, S., Rahemi, M., Haghjooyan, R., Nabipour, A., Kakavand, F., Zahedzadeh, F., & Vahdati, K. (2022) · Erwerbs-Obstbau · doi:10.1007/s10341-022-00643-4 · Cited by 13
“The consumption of walnut kernels reduces blood lipids, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, body fat, and low-grade systemic inflammation (Jahanbani et al. 2016; Ros 2009).”
BackgroundSources of Natural Antioxidants and Their Activities
Charles, D. J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4310-0_4 · Cited by 15
Acrylamide in Soybean Products, Roasted Nuts, and Dried Fruits
Žilić, S. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802832-2.00010-3 · Cited by 13
Daily Hazelnut Intake Exerts Multiple Reversible Effects on Plasma Profile of Healthy Subjects
Santi, C., Giorni, A., Toriani-Terenzi, C., Altavista, P., & Bacchetta, L. (2017) · Food and Nutrition Sciences · doi:10.4236/fns.2017.86045 · Cited by 13
Consumption of Nuts in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Sabaté, J., & Wien, M. (2013) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-013-0059-x · Cited by 12
“It is worth noting that, to date, no human study using walnuts has found any deleterious effects on oxidative status as compared to healthy diets [25].”
BackgroundResultDietary patterns and retinal vascular calibre in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Keel, S., Itsiopoulos, C., Koklanis, K., Vukicevic, M., Cameron, F. J., Gilbertson, H., & Brazionis, L. (2016) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.12941 · Cited by 10
“However, as omega-3 content varies considerably between nut varieties, that is walnuts have more omega-3 than any other nut, this argument is limited due to insufficient detail of specific nut categories within the ACAES (Ros 2009).”
BackgroundÓleo de Castanha-do-Brasil: métodos de extração e aplicações na indústria
CARVALHO, A. L. S., Martelli, M. C., Nascimento, S. C. C., & Brasil, D. D. S. B. (2022) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i4.27256 · Cited by 10
YILMAZ, H. Ö., & Özyıldırım, B. (2019) · Bezmialem Science · doi:10.14235/bas.galenos.2019.2969 · Cited by 10
“The decrease in waist circumference, an important risk factor for CVD, was also observed in all groups, but there was no significant difference in terms of waist circumference between the groups.”
BackgroundInfluentialBizzozero‐Peroni, B., Fernández‐Rodríguez, R., Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V., Garrido‐Miguel, M., Medrano, M., Jiménez‐López, E., & Mesas, A. E. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.07.020 · Cited by 9
Contribution of Nuts to the Mediterranean Diet
Ros, E. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407849-9.00017-8 · Cited by 9
Self-citationPetersen, K. S., Chandra, M., See, J. R. C., Leister, J., Jafari, F., Tindall, A. M., Kris‐Etherton, P. M., & Lamendella, R. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.09.023 · Cited by 9
Cury, M. F. R., Olivares, E. Q., Garcias, R. C., Toledo, G. Q., Anselmo, N. A., Paskakulis, L. C., Botelho, F. F. R., Carvalho, N. Z., da Silva, A. A., Agren, C., et al. (2018) · Brazilian Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2018-0016 · Cited by 9
Steffen, L. M., Yi, S.-Y. Y., Duprez, D. A., Zhou, X., Shikany, J. M., & Jacobs, D. R. (2020) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.09.001 · Cited by 9
Almond (Prunus dulcis) Seeds and Oxidative Stress
Mirrahimi, A., Srichaikul, K., Esfahani, A., Banach, M. S., Sievenpiper, J. L., Kendall, C. W. C., & Jenkins, D. J. A. (2011) · Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375688-6.10018-0 · Cited by 9
Nutrition, Diet Quality, and Cardiovascular Health
Wang, L., Sikand, G., & Wong, N. D. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801816-3.00023-6 · Cited by 10
The physiology of artificial hibernation
Dirkes, M. C., van Gulik, T. M., & Heger, M. (2015) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Research · doi:10.18053/jctres.201502.005 · Cited by 9
Can Nuts Consumption Modulate Cardiovascular Diseases? Report of a Case and Review of Literature
Vargová, V. (2011) · The Open Nutraceuticals Journal · doi:10.2174/1876396001104010088 · Cited by 8
“In most studies on dietary patterns, nuts have been considered along with fruits, legumes and vegetables to demonstrate their influence on various risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [7-18].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCompositional and Morphological Characterization of ‘Sorrento’ and ‘Chandler’ Walnuts
Romano, R., Luca, L. D., Vanacore, M., Genovese, A., Cirillo, C., Aiello, A., & Sacchi, R. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11050761 · Cited by 8
Antioxidant Activity of Phytochemicals and Their Method of Analysis
Rawson, A., Patras, A., Oomah, B. D., Campos-Vega, R., & Hossain, M. B. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118865606.ch7 · Cited by 8
Martínez-Ortega, I. A., Mesas, A. E., Bizzozero‐Peroni, B., Garrido‐Miguel, M., Jiménez‐López, E., Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V., & Fernández‐Rodríguez, R. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2296559 · Cited by 7
“Some biological mechanisms underlie the beneficial effects of nuts on blood lipids, such as diminished lipoprotein oxidation susceptibility, increased satiety and cholesterol control and enhanced vasodilatation (Ros 2009; Gil Hernandez 2010).”
Foliar application of biostimulants improves nutritional and bioactive quality of walnuts
Pascoalino, L. A., Pires, T. C. S. P., Pinela, J., Rodrigues, M. Â., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Barros, L., Barreira, J. C. M., & Reis, F. S. (2024) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.13904 · Cited by 7
Antepfıstığı (Pistacia vera L.) ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri
Çağlar, A., TOMAR, O., Vatansever, H., & EKMEKÇİ, E. (2017) · Akademik Gıda · doi:10.24323/akademik-gida.370408 · Cited by 7
Effect of a high-fat diet on the rat bladder wall and bioactive action of Brazil nut oil
de Souza, A. C., GALLO, C. B. M., Passos, M. C. D. F., Croccia, C., Miranda, G. L., Sampaio, F. J. B., & Gregório, B. M. (2019) · International braz j urol · doi:10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2018.0547 · Cited by 7
“It is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (9, 10).”
Ogunlade, I., Awosanmi, I. A., & Osukoy, O. A. (2014) · The Journal of Phytopharmacology · doi:10.31254/phyto.2014.3405 · Cited by 8
Effects of hazelnuts and cocoa on vascular reactivity in healthy subjects: a randomised study
Adamo, M., Labate, A. M., Ferrulli, A., Macrì, C., Terruzzi, I. M., & Luzi, L. (2017) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2017.1348492 · Cited by 7
“Studies on molecular mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis show enhanced oxidative stress and prominent inflammatory response (Ros 2009).”
BackgroundResultOh, J. S., Kim, H., Kim, K. N., & Chang, N. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition and Health · doi:10.4163/jnh.2016.49.5.304 · Cited by 8
Zúnica‐García, S., Blanquer‐Gregori, J. F. J., Sánchez-Ortiga, R., Chicharro‐Luna, E., & Jiménez‐Trujillo, I. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2024.108871 · Cited by 9
Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease
Mozaffarian, D. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0398-6.00048-2 · Cited by 6
Antiatherogenic Effect of Almond Oil in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats
Anwar, M., Shousha, W. G., El‐mezayen, H. A., El-Wassef, M., Nazif, N. M., & El‐Bana, M. A. (2013) · Cited by 6
Zu, P., Zhang, L., 王海霞, Zhang, K., He, L., Fan, Y., Zhou, C., 陈云龙, Zhang, Y., Tao, R., et al. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.120104 · Cited by 5
Robberecht, H. J., Bruyne, T. D., & Hermans, N. (2017) · Phytochemistry Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11101-017-9538-9 · Cited by 6
“Regarding inflammation, cross-sectional stud- ies have shown that nut consumption is associated with lower concentrations of circulating inflammatory molecules and higher levels of adoponectin, a potent anti-inflammatory adipokine (Ros 2009).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ros, E.
- Affiliations
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Ros, Emilio
- ORCID
- Ros, Emilio
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1649S-1656S
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2104906024
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCLA - Biblioteca de Ciencias de la Salud (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nuts composition and effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- nuts, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk markers, LDL oxidation, inflammation, adiponectin, endothelial function, Juglans regia, phenolic compounds, alpha-linolenic acid, L-arginine, nitric oxide, endothelin-1, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, dietary fat
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Dietary Fats, Disease Models, Animal, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Inflammation, Lipoproteins, LDL, Nuts, Risk Factors, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Biomarkers, Adiponectin
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