Dietary Flaxseed Independently Lowers Circulating Cholesterol and Lowers It beyond the Effects of Cholesterol-Lowering Medications Alone in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease1–4
Open accessAbstract
Background Dietary flaxseed lowers cholesterol in healthy subjects with mild biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD).Objective The aim was to investigate the effects of dietary flaxseed on plasma cholesterol in a patient population with clinically significant CVD and in those administered cholesterol-lowering medications (CLMs), primarily statins.Methods This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial examined the effects of a diet supplemented for 12 mo with foods that contained either 30 g of milled flaxseed [milled flaxseed treatment (FX) group; n = 58] or 30 g of whole wheat [placebo (PL) group; n = 52] in a patient population with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Plasma lipids were measured at 0, 1, 6, and 12 mo.Results Dietary flaxseed in PAD patients resulted in a 15% reduction in circulating LDL cholesterol as early as 1 mo into the trial (P = 0.05). The concentration in the FX group (2.1 ± 0.10 mmol/L) tended to be less than in the PL group (2.5 ± 0.2 mmol/L) at 6 mo (P = 0.12), but not at 12 mo (P = 0.33). Total cholesterol also tended to be lower in the FX group than in the PL group at 1 mo (11%, P = 0.05) and 6 mo (11%, P = 0.07), but not at 12 mo (P = 0.24). In a subgroup of patients taking flaxseed and CLM (n = 36), LDL-cholesterol concentrations were lowered by 8.5% ± 3.0% compared with baseline after 12 mo. This differed from the PL + CLM subgroup (n = 26), which increased by 3.0% ± 4.4% (P = 0.030) to a final concentration of 2.2 ± 0.1 mmol/L.Conclusions Milled flaxseed lowers total and LDL cholesterol in patients with PAD and has additional LDL-cholesterol-lowering capabilities when used in conjunction with CLMs. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00781950.
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Six RCTs had low risk of bias for random sequence generation, three had high risk, and the remaining had unclear risk.
“Six RCTs indicated the method for random sequence generation was low risk [29, 34, 44, 47, 48, 52], three other studies indicated high risk [21, 41, 53], and the remaining studies have unclear risk of bias.”
From Comparisons of the effects of different flaxseed products consumption on lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines and anthropometric indices in patients with dyslipidemia related diseases: systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Edel, A. L., Rodriguez-Leyva, D., Maddaford, T. G., Caligiuri, S. P., Austria, J. A., Weighell, W., Guzman, R., Aliani, M., & Pierce, G. N.
- Affiliations
- St. Boniface Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Aliani, Michel
- Pierce, Grant N
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-04
- Volume
- 145
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 749-757
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2120252198
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 10.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Flax2015, the Canola Council of Canada
- Agri-Food Research and Development Initiative, and the Canadian Institutes for Health Research
- Banting and Best Canada Graduate Scholarship Doctoral
- Doctoral Research Scholarship from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
- Patient-Oriented Research Doctoral Scholarship from CIHR
- The Canadian International Grain Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Food Development Center, Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Natural Products and Biological Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Keywords
- flaxseed, dietary supplementation, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, peripheral arterial disease, cholesterol-lowering drugs, statins, whole wheat, plasma lipids, cardiovascular disease, omega-3 fatty acids, dietary fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, cardiovascular risk reduction, hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anticholesteremic Agents, Diet, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Phytotherapy, Platelet Aggregation, Seeds, Triglycerides, Flax, Endpoint Determination, Plant Preparations, Peripheral Arterial Disease
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