Meta-analysis of the effects of flaxseed interventions on blood lipids
Open accessAbstract
Background Several clinical trials have investigated the effects of flaxseed and flaxseed-derived products (flaxseed oil or lignans) on blood lipids; however, the findings have been inconsistent.Objective We aimed to identify and quantify the effectiveness of flaxseed and its derivatives on blood lipid profiles.Design A comprehensive literature search was performed on the basis of English reports of randomized controlled trials of flaxseed or its derivatives on lipid profiles in adults, which were published from January 1990 to October 2008. Attempts also were made to access unpublished data. Study quality was assessed by using the Jadad score, and a meta-analysis was conducted.Results Twenty-eight studies were included. Flaxseed interventions reduced total and LDL cholesterol by 0.10 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.20, 0.00 mmol/L) and 0.08 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.16, 0.00 mmol/L), respectively; significant reductions were observed with whole flaxseed (-0.21 and -0.16 mmol/L, respectively) and lignan (-0.28 and -0.16 mmol/L, respectively) supplements but not with flaxseed oil. The cholesterol-lowering effects were more apparent in females (particularly postmenopausal women), individuals with high initial cholesterol concentrations, and studies with higher Jadad scores. No significant changes were found in the concentrations of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides.Conclusions Flaxseed significantly reduced circulating total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, but the changes were dependent on the type of intervention, sex, and initial lipid profiles of the subjects. Further studies are needed to determine the efficiency of flaxseed on lipid profiles in men and premenopausal women and to explore its potential benefits on other cardiometabolic risk factors and prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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The effects of flaxseed oil may have been masked by the use of MUFA- or n-6 PUFA-enriched oils as the control regimen in the included studies.
“Another possible explanation was that the effects of flaxseed oil may have been masked by the use of MUFA- or n-6 PUFA–enriched oils as the control regimen in these included studies [63].”
From Comparisons of the effects of different flaxseed products consumption on lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines and anthropometric indices in patients with dyslipidemia related diseases: systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [63]
The finding of no significant effect of flaxseed on HDL cholesterol was completely consistent with a prior meta-analysis.
“These findings were completely consistent with that meta-analysis [13, 63].”
From Comparisons of the effects of different flaxseed products consumption on lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines and anthropometric indices in patients with dyslipidemia related diseases: systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [63]
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“Flaxseed products also reduce both total and LDL cholesterol levels in humans (Pan et al., 2009).”
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Flaxseed and Human Health: Reviewing Benefits and Adverse Effects
Carraro, J. C. C., Dantas, M. I. D. S., Espeschit, A. C. R., Martino, H. S. D., & Ribeiro, S. M. R. (2011) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2011.595025 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“The cholesterol-lowering effects seem more apparent in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women.(53) The hypocholesterolemic effect of flaxseed consumption may, however, be a useful strategy in primary health service based on prevention and control of dyslipidemia, therefore focusing on the promotion of health and pr…”
BackgroundCurrent Evidence to Propose Different Food Supplements for Weight Loss: A Comprehensive Review
Watanabe, M., Risi, R., Masi, D., Caputi, A., Balena, A., Rossini, G., Tuccinardi, D., Mariani, S., Basciani, S., Manfrini, S., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092873 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Kumar, A., Mosa, K. A., Ji, L., Kage, U., Dhokane, D., Karre, S., Madalageri, D. M., & Pathania, N. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2017.1285752 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Free radical mediated lipid peroxidation is a major cause of degenerative diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, CVDs, and chronic inflammation (Ren et al., 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialRen, G.-Y., Chen, C.-Y., Chen, G.-C., Chen, W.-G., Pan, A., Pan, C.-W., Zhang, Y.-H., Qin, L.-Q., & Chen, L.-H. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8030136 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“found that flaxseed reduced circulating total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations [7].”
Self-citationYue, H., Qiu, B., Jia, M., Liu, W., Guo, X., Li, N., Xu, Z., Du, F., Xu, T., & Li, D. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1790496 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“A large proportion of scientific research has reported the beneficial effects of ALA in many diseases (Pan et al. 2012; Brouwer, Katan, and Zock 2004; Pan et al. 2009; Li et al. 2020).”
BackgroundBioactive Compounds in Edible Oils and Their Role in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Mazzocchi, A., Cosmi, V. D., Risé, P., Milani, G. P., Turolo, S., Syrén, M., Sala, A., & Agostoni, C. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.659551 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Vargas, M. L., Almario, R. U., Buchan, W., Kim, K., & Karakas, S. E. (2011) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.04.007 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Mani, U. V., Mani, I., Biswas, M., & Kumar, S. N. (2011) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.3109/19390211.2011.593615 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Some studies conducted during the past few years and our recent observations have shown that FS possesses hypoglycemic and hypolipemic (Pan et al., 2009) properties and cause foods to have a lower glycemic index (Mani & Gianchandani, 2005).”
ResultConsumption of flaxseed, a rich source of lignans, is associated with reduced breast cancer risk
Lowcock, E. C., Cotterchio, M., & Boucher, B. A. (2013) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-013-0155-7 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Berendsen, A., Santoro, A., Pini, E., Cevenini, E., Ostan, R., Pietruszka, B., Rolf, K., Cano, N., Caille, A., Lyon-Belgy, N., et al. (2013) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2013.10.002 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Consensus statement on management of dyslipidemia in Indian subjects
Chandra, K. S., Bansal, M., Nair, T., Iyengar, S. S., Gupta, R., Manchanda, S. C., Mohanan, P. P., Rao, V. D., Manjunath, C. N., Sawhney, J. P. S., et al. (2014) · Indian Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2014.12.001 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Soltanian, N., & Janghorbani, M. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.11.002 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Machado, A. M., de Paula, H., Cardoso, L. D., & Costa, N. M. B. (2014) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.05.002 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Functional yogurt, enriched and probiotic: A focus on human health
Abdi-Moghadam, Z., Darroudi, M., Mahmoudzadeh, M., Mohtashami, M., Jamal, A. M., Shamloo, E., & Rezaei, Z. B. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.08.005 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Cardiometabolic risk and gut microbial phytoestrogen metabolite phenotypes
Frankenfeld, C. L. (2016) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201500900 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Kontogianni, M. D., Vlassopoulos, A., Gatzieva, A., Farmaki, A., Katsiougiannis, S., Panagiotakos, D. B., Kalogeropoulos, N., & Skopouli, F. N. (2013) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.11.007 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Khalatbari Soltani, S., Jamaluddin, R., Tabibi, H., Mohd Yusof, B. N., Atabak, S., Loh, S., & Rahmani, L. (2013) · Hemodialysis International · doi:10.1111/j.1542-4758.2012.00754.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Aging Fits the Disease Criteria of the International Classification of Diseases
Khaltourina, D. A., Matveyev, Y., Alekseev, A., Cortese, F., & Ioviţă, A. (2020) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2020.111230 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Hadi, A., Askarpour, M., Salamat, S., Ghaedi, E., Symonds, M. E., & Miraghajani, M. (2020) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104622 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Mohammadi‐Sartang, M., Mazloom, Z., Raeisi‐Dehkordi, H., Barati‐Boldaji, R., Bellissimo, N., & de Zepetnek, J. O. T. (2017) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12550 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“When assessing the influence of flaxseed and flaxseed derivatives dose (whole flaxseed or flaxseed oil, expressed as ALA g d 1 and lignan extract), no association effects were found with body weight, BMI or WC (Table S2).”
BackgroundInfluentialTakić, M. M., Ranković, S., Girek, Z., Pavlović, S., Jovanović, P., Jovanović, V. B., & Šarac, I. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25094909 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Moreover, ALA can influence the adipocyte fluidity and the levels of basal and catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis, as well as the antilipolytic effect of insulin [89].”
BackgroundSoltanian, N., & Janghorbani, M. (2018) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-018-0273-z · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“A meta-analyses found that flaxseed intervention improved lipid profiles and reduced CVD risk [6].”
BackgroundBerendsen, A. A. M., van de Rest, O., Feskens, E. J. M., Santoro, A., Ostan, R., Pietruszka, B., Brzozowska, A., Stelmaszczyk-Kusz, A., Jennings, A., Gillings, R., et al. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10121905 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Besides incorporating the dietary recommendations, nutrients and foods related to various aging related health outcomes and involved in chronic inflammation have been taken into account when designing the NU-AGE diet, including MUFA, PUFA, olive oil or oily fish (inflammatory processes [5] and inflammatory bowel disea…”
BackgroundRezaei, S., Sasani, M. R., Akhlaghi, M., & Kohanmoo, A. (2020) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520000318 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis showed that flaxseed interventions reduced total and LDL-cholesterol when whole flaxseed or lignan was used but not when flaxseed oil was administered (41) .”
Barkas, F., Nomikos, T., Liberopoulos, E. N., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082436 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“On the other hand, our results showing a non-significant trend towards a reduction in TC and LDL-C support the conflicting evidence regarding the impact of omega-3 fatty acids on cholesterol.[33-35] In this context, additional studies are needed to evaluate different quantity of EPA/DHA or quality of omega-3 fatty aci…”
ResultLignan Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
Hu, Y., Li, Y., Sampson, L., Wang, M., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., & Sun, Q. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.05.049 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Liang, Y. T., Chen, J., Jiao, R., Peng, C., Zuo, Y., Lei, L., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Ma, K. Y., Huang, Y., et al. (2015) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf5063606 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Evaluation of flaxseed formulation as a potential therapeutic agent in mitigation of dyslipidemia
Katare, C., & Saxena, S. (2014) · Biomedical Journal · doi:10.4103/2319-4170.126447 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Askarpour, M., Karimi, M., Hadi, A., Ghaedi, E., Symonds, M. E., Miraghajani, M., & Javadian, P. (2020) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154922 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease: An Evidence-Based Review
Rabito, M. J., & Kaye, A. D. (2013) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/672097 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Flaxseed contains a large amount of fiber, and dietary soluble fiber has been shown to have cholesterollowering effects [20].”
BackgroundInfluentialRole of phytoestrogens in prevention and management of type 2 diabetes
Talaei, M. (2015) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i2.271 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Sartang, M. M., Sohrabi, Z., Barati‐Boldaji, R., Raeisi‐Dehkordi, H., & Mazloom, Z. (2017) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux052 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Flaxseed comes from the seeds of an ancient plant called Linum usitatissimum.(1) It is a complex food that is an edible oil seed/grain(2) and contains high amounts of a-linolenic acid (ALA) as a crucial n-3 fatty acid, soluble fiber, lignan, and mucilage.”
BackgroundRahimlou, M., Jahromi, N. B., Hasanyani, N., & Ahmadi, A. R. (2019) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmz048 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Flaxseed (linseed, Linum usitatissimum), an edible oilrich seed/grain and 1 of the oldest arable crops, was recently acknowledged as a functional food (8).”
BackgroundRajwade, A. V., Kadoo, N. Y., Borikar, S. P., Harsulkar, A., Ghorpade, P. B., & Gupta, V. S. (2014) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.12.002 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“, 2007), and also in lowering blood glucose and cholesterol levels (Pan et al., 2009; Pellizzon et al., 2007).”
Enkhmaa, B., Surampudi, P. N., Anuurad, E., & Berglund, L. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Naveen, S., Siddalingaswamy, M., Singsit, D., & Khanum, F. (2013) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12100 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ricklefs, K., Johnston, C. S., & Sweazea, K. L. (2017) · Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2017.01.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Berendsen, A. A. M., Santoro, A., Pini, E., Cevenini, E., Ostan, R., Pietruszka, B., Rolf, K., Cano, N., Caillé, A., Lyon-Belgy, N., et al. (2014) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2014.03.001 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…trials on whole grains have shown that high intake of whole grains and some cereals were inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes (de Munter et al., 2007), cardiovascular disease (Mellen et al., 2008), BMI (Gaesser, 2007), and beneficially influenced blood lipids (Pan et al., 2009).”
BackgroundStability of bioactives in flaxseed and flaxseed-fortified foods
Edel, A. L., Aliani, M., & Pierce, G. N. (2015) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.035 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Extruded Flaxseed Meal Enhances the Nutritional Quality of Cereal-based Products
Giacomino, S., Peñas, E., Ferreyra, V., Pellegrino, N., Fournier, M., Apro, N., Carrión, M. O., & Frı́as, J. (2013) · Plant Foods for Human Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s11130-013-0359-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“metabolism [5, 6].”
Edel, A. L., Patenaude, A. F., Richard, M. N., Dibrov, E., Austria, J. A., Aukema, H. M., Pierce, G. N., & Aliani, M. (2015) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-015-0885-2 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Human trials have shown antihypertensive [8, 9] and cholesterol-lowering effects [10, 11] of dietary flaxseed.”
BackgroundLorzadeh, E., Ramezani‐Jolfaie, N., Mohammadi, M. R., Khoshbakht, Y., & Salehi‐Abargouei, A. (2019) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.016 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Mahdavi, A., Bagherniya, M., Mirenayat, M. S., Atkin, S. L., & Sahebkar, A. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_13 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Li, Y., Wang, F., Li, J., Ivey, K. L., Wilkinson, J. E., Wang, D. D., Li, R., Liu, G., Eliassen, A. H., Chan, A. T., et al. (2022) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-022-02495-0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Langyan, S., Yadava, P., Khan, F. N., Sharma, S., Singh, R., Bana, R. S., Singh, N., Kaur, V., Kalia, S., & Kumar, A. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2280768 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“These studies showed a reduction in both LDL cholesterol [0.08 mmol/L (95% CI: −0.16, 0.00 mmol/L)] and total cholesterol [0.10 mmol/L (95% CI: −0.20, 0.00 mmol/L)], whereas the linseed oil didn’t show any significant effect on either LDL cholesterol or total cholesterol (Pan et al. 2009).”
InfluentialHealth Effects of Various Edible Vegetable Oils: An Umbrella Review
Voon, P. T., Ng, C. M., Ng, Y. T., Wong, Y. J., Yap, S.-Y., Leong, S. L., Yong, X. S., & Lee, S. W. H. (2024) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100276 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Yang, C., Xia, H., Wan, M., Lu, Y., Xu, D., Yang, X., Yang, L., & Sun, G. (2021) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-021-00619-3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Food combinations for cholesterol lowering
Harland, J. I. (2012) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422412000170 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Varghese, S. S., Eekhoudt, C. R., & Jassal, D. S. (2021) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-021-04152-y · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“The main bioactive components found in FLX include alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) responsible for the potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of FLX [62].”
BackgroundInfluentialRistić-Medić, D., Peruničić-Peković, G., Rašić-Milutinović, Z., Takić, M. M., Popović, T., Arsić, A., & Glibetić, M. (2014) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2014/563576 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“This reduction in fasting serum triglyceride during our intervention was in contrast with the conclusion that the plant-derived n-3 fatty acid is not equivalent to marine-based fatty acid in terms of lowering triglyceride levels [52].”
ResultBoucher, B. A., Cotterchio, M., Curca, I. A., Kreiger, N., Harris, S. A., Kirsh, V. A., & Goodwin, P. J. (2012) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635581.2012.687426 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Soy foods (isoflavone sources) Any soy foodc 151 (56; 50–62) Any tofu, soybeans, soy milk, soy nuts 105 (39; 33–45) Tofu or bean curd (1/4 cup)d 59 (22; 17–27) 42 (71) 15 (25) 2 (3) Soy or tamari sauce (1 tbsp)d 56 (21; 16–26) 48 (86) 6 (11) 2 (4) Soybeans (1/4 cup)d 54 (20; 15–25) 47 (87) 7 (13) Soy milk (1 glass)d 5…”
Recent perspectives on the role of nutraceuticals as cholesterol-lowering agents
Ward, N. C., Sahebkar, A., Banach, M., & Watts, G. F. (2017) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000455 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Di, Y., Jones, J., Mansell, K. D., Whiting, S. J., Fowler, S. A., Thorpe, L., Billinsky, J. L., Viveky, N., Cheng, P. C., Almousa, A. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2017.1342213 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Flaxseed supplementation is known to favorably modulate blood lipid levels [15, 16, 42].”
BackgroundPonnampalam, E. N., Lewandowski, P. A., Fahri, F. T., Burnett, V. F., Dunshea, F. R., Plozza, T. E., & Jacobs, J. L. (2015) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-015-4070-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Others have reported that flaxseed supplementation reduced circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol [31].”
BackgroundSimilarities and differences in the nutritional composition of nuts and seeds in Serbia
Dodevska, M. S., Kukić‐Marković, J., Sofrenić, I. V., Tešević, V., Janković, M. M., Djordjevic, B. I., & Ivanović, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1003125 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Results of the meta-analysis, which included 28 randomized studies (RCTs), showed that dietary intervention with flaxseed, but not flaxseed oil, decreases total and LDL cholesterol, while another meta-analysis of 11 RCTs also showed a more significant effect of flaxseed compared to flaxseed oil on lowering of systolic…”
BackgroundHaldar, S., Wong, L. H., Tay, S. L., Jacoby, J. J., He, P., Osman, F., Ponnalagu, S., Jiang, Y. R., Lian, H. P. R., & Henry, C. J. (2020) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa274 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Intervention trials with flaxseed oils, rich in ALA, have shown variable effects in reducing LDL-cholesterol concentrations (41), with this meta-analysis suggesting that flaxseed oil may be more effective in those with higher initial total or LDL-cholesterol concentrations, and more recent studies also supported the b…”
BackgroundHasaniani, N., Rahimlou, M., Ahmadi, A. R., Mehdizadeh, A., & Alizadeh, M. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition Research · doi:10.7762/cnr.2019.8.4.284 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Dietary soluble fibers have shown cholesterollowering effects [11,31].”
BackgroundClavel, T., & Mapesa, J. O. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6_94 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Dew, T. P., & Williamson, G. (2013) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e3182896ae5 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Flaxseed in Pediatric Hyperlipidemia
Wong, H., Chahal, N., Manlhiot, C., Niedra, E., & McCrindle, B. W. (2013) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.1442 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Struja, T., Richard, A., Linseisen, J., Eichholzer, M., & Rohrmann, S. (2013) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-013-0639-y · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“These effects are contradictory to two extensive meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials [48, 66], which reported no effects of”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Effect of Diet on Cardiovascular Disease and Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels
Feingold, K. R. (2021) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 30 · see citing works
George, E. S., Daly, R. M., Tey, S. L., Brown, R. C., Wong, T. H. T., & Tan, S. (2022) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmac028 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Food and plant bioactives for reducing cardiometabolic disease: How does the evidence stack up?
Cicero, A. F. G., & Colletti, A. (2017) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2017.04.001 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Masjedi, M. S., Pour, P. M., Shokoohinia, Y., & Asgary, S. (2021) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100931 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Dietary flaxseed: Cardiometabolic benefits and its role in promoting healthy aging
Kunutsor, S. K., Jassal, D. S., Ravandi, A., & Lehoczki, A. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01512-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In 2009, Pan and colleagues [49] pooled the results of 28 RCTs published between 1990 and 2008 to quantify the effectiveness of flaxseed and its derivatives on blood lipid profiles.”
Sun, J., Tang, Y., Yu, X., Xu, Y., Liu, P., Xiao, L., Liu, L., Deng, Q., & Yao, P. (2016) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2016.04.032 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wolters, M., Dejanovic, G. M., Asllanaj, E., Günther, K., Pohlabeln, H., Bramer, W. M., Ahrens, J., Nagrani, R., Pigeot, I., Franco, O. H., et al. (2020) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000001566 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Pan, A., Yu, D., Demark-Wahnefried, W., Franco, O. H., & Lin, X.
- Affiliations
- Unilever (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 288-297
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3361740
- OpenAlex
- W2117685492
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 2.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA085740)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Natural Products and Biological Research
- Keywords
- flaxseed, linseed oil, lignans, serum lipids, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, cholesterol-lowering effect, sex differences, postmenopausal women, cardiovascular disease prevention, dietary supplements
- MeSH terms
- Anticholesteremic Agents, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Female, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia, Linseed Oil, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Seeds, Triglycerides, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Lignans, Flax, Lipid Metabolism
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