The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Bile Acid Sensor Farnesoid X Receptor Is a Modulator of Liver Immunity in a Rodent Model of Acute Hepatitis
Open accessAbstract
Immune-mediated liver diseases including autoimmune and viral hepatitis are a major health problem worldwide. In this study, we report that activation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of the ligand-activated nuclear receptor superfamily and bile sensor highly expressed in the liver, attenuates liver injury in a model of autoimmune hepatitis induced by Con A. We found that FXR gene ablation results in a time-dependent increase of liver expression (up to 20-fold in a 9-mo-old mouse) of osteopontin, a NKT cell-derived extracellular matrix protein and immunoregulatory cytokine. In comparison to wild-type, FXR(-/-) mice are more susceptible to Con A-induced hepatitis and react to Con A administration by an unregulated production of osteopontin. Administering wild-type mice with a synthetic FXR agonist attenuated Con A-induced liver damage and liver expression of the osteopontin gene. By in vitro studies, we found that FXR is expressed by primarily isolated NKT cells and its ablation favors ostepontin production in response to Con A. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that the short heterodimer partner (SHP), a nuclear receptor and FXR target, was expressed by NKT cell hybridomas and increased in response to FXR activation. FXR activates SHP that interacts with and inhibits c-Jun binding to the osteopontin promoter. These data indicate that in NKT cells, FXR activation causes a SHP-mediated inhibition of osteopontin production. These data support the notion that the bile acid sensor FXR regulates the activation of liver NKT cells.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“the inflammatory effects of BAR deficiency on the liver may not only be mediated by Kupffer cells, but also by hepatocytes and NKT cells (Mencarelli et al., 2009; Y.-D. Wang et al., 2008).”
From Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System (2017) · cites this paper as Mencarelli et al., 2009
Citations
Cites
The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade
Mangelsdorf, D. J., Thummel, C., Beato, M., Herrlich, P., Schütz, G., Umesono, K., Blumberg, B., Kastner, P., Mark, M., Chambon, P., et al. (1995) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90199-x · Cited by 6,964
Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids
Makishima, M., Okamoto, A. Y., Repa, J. J., Tu, H., Learned, R. M., Luk, A., Hull, M. V., Lustig, K. D., Mangelsdorf, D. J., & Shan, B. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5418.1362 · Cited by 2,714
Bile Acids: Natural Ligands for an Orphan Nuclear Receptor
Parks, D. J., Blanchard, S. G., Bledsoe, R. K., Chandra, G., Consler, T. G., Kliewer, S. A., Stimmel, J. B., Willson, T. M., Zavacki, A. M., Moore, D. D., et al. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5418.1365 · Cited by 2,274
The coregulator exchange in transcriptional functions of nuclear receptors
Glass, C. K., & Rosenfeld, M. G. (2000) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.14.2.121 · Cited by 2,233
A regulatory cascade of the nuclear receptors FXR, SHP-1, and LRH-1 represses bile acid biosynthesis
Goodwin, B., Jones, S. A., Price, R. R., Watson, M. A., McKee, D. D., Moore, L. B., Galardi, C., Wilson, J. G., Lewis, M. C., Roth, M. E., et al. (2000) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)00051-4 · Cited by 1,940
Endogenous Bile Acids Are Ligands for the Nuclear Receptor FXR/BAR
Wang, H., Chen, J., Hollister, K., Sowers, L. C., & Forman, B. M. (1999) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80348-2 · Cited by 1,636
Molecular Basis for Feedback Regulation of Bile Acid Synthesis by Nuclear Receptors
Lu, T. T., Makishima, M., Repa, J. J., Schoonjans, K., Kerr, T. A., Auwerx, J., & Mangelsdorf, D. J. (2000) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)00050-2 · Cited by 1,487
Bile acids lower triglyceride levels via a pathway involving FXR, SHP, and SREBP-1c
渡辺, 光., Houten, S. M., Wang, L., Moschetta, A., Mangelsdorf, D. J., Heyman, R. A., Moore, D. D., & Auwerx, J. H. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci21025 · Cited by 1,425
Eta-1 (Osteopontin): An Early Component of Type-1 (Cell-Mediated) Immunity
Ashkar, S., Weber, G. F., Panoutsakopoulou, V., Sanchirico, M. E., Jansson, M., Zawaideh, S., Rittling, S. R., Denhardt, D. T., Glimcher, M. J., & Cantor, H. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5454.860 · Cited by 1,125
A T cell-dependent experimental liver injury in mice inducible by concanavalin A.
Tiegs, G., Hentschel, J., & Wendel, A. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci115836 · Cited by 1,077
Activation of the nuclear receptor FXR improves hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic mice
Zhang, Y., Lee, F. Y., Barrera, G., Lee, H., Vales, C., Gonzalez, F. J., Willson, T. M., & Edwards, P. A. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0506982103 · Cited by 974
Receptor-Ligand Interaction Between CD44 and Osteopontin (Eta-1)
Weber, G. F., Ashkar, S., Glimcher, M. J., & Cantor, H. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5248.509 · Cited by 950
CD1 Recognition by Mouse NK1 + T Lymphocytes
Bendelac, A. S., Lantz, O. J., Quimby, M. E., Yewdell, J. W., Bennink, J. R., & Brutkiewicz, R. R. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7538697 · Cited by 912
Farnesoid X receptor is essential for normal glucose homeostasis
Ma, K. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci25604 · Cited by 883
Intravascular Immune Surveillance by CXCR6+ NKT Cells Patrolling Liver Sinusoids
Geissmann, F., Cameron, T. O., Sidobre, S., Manlongat, N., Kronenberg, M., Briskin, M., Dustin, M. L., & Littman, D. R. (2005) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030113 · Cited by 681
LXRS AND FXR: The Yin and Yang of Cholesterol and Fat Metabolism
Kalaany, N. Y., & Mangelsdorf, D. J. (2005) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.033104.152158 · Cited by 623
The Farnesoid X Receptor Modulates Adiposity and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in Mice
Cariou, B., van Harmelen, K., Durán-Sandoval, D., van Dijk, T. H., Grefhorst, A., Abdelkarim, M., Caron, S., Torpier, G., Fruchart, J., Gonzalez, F. J., et al. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m510258200 · Cited by 546
Critical contribution of liver natural killer T cells to a murine model of hepatitis
Takeda, K., Hayakawa, Y., Kaer, L. V., Matsuda, H., Yagita∥, H., & Okumura, K. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.040566697 · Cited by 538
Mizuhara, H., O'Neill, E., Seki, N., Ogawa, T., Kusunoki, C., Otsuka, K., Satoh, S., Niwa, M., Senoh, H., & Fujiwara, H. (1994) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.179.5.1529 · Cited by 517
Yang, F., Huang, X., Yi, T., Yen, Y., Moore, D. D., & Huang, W. (2007) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1078 · Cited by 488
Fiorucci, S., Antonelli, E., Rizzo, G., Renga, B., Mencarelli, A., Riccardi, L., Orlandi, S., Pellicciari, R., & Morelli, A. (2004) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.08.001 · Cited by 472
Combinatorial roles of nuclear receptors in inflammation and immunity
Glass, C. K., & Ogawa, S. (2005) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1748 · Cited by 472
Kaneko, Y., Harada, M., Kawano, T., Yamashita, M., Shibata, Y., Gejyo, F., Nakayama, T., & Taniguchi, M. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.191.1.105 · Cited by 397
Burdin, N., Brossay, L., Koezuka, Y., Smiley, S. T., Grusby, M. J., Gui, M., Taniguchi, M., Hayakawa, K., & Kronenberg, M. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 381
Giachelli, C. M., Lombardi, D. M., Johnson, R. J., Murry, C. E., & de Almeida, M. A. G. (1998) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 370
Osteopontin: a key cytokine in cell‐mediated and granulomatous inflammation
O'Regan, A. W., & Berman, J. S. (2000) · International Journal of Experimental Pathology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2613.2000.00163.x · Cited by 357
Spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis in farnesoid X receptor-null mice
Kim, I., Morimura, K., Shah, Y., Yang, Q., Ward, J. M., & Gonzalez, F. J. (2007) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgl249 · Cited by 357
Burdin, N., Brossay, L., Koezuka, Y., Smiley, S. T., Grusby, M. J., Gui, M., Taniguchi, M., Hayakawa, K., & Kronenberg, M. (1998) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.161.7.3271 · Cited by 334
Lee, Y., Dell, H., Dowhan, D. H., Hadzopoulou‐Cladaras, M., & Moore, D. D. (2000) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.20.1.187-195.2000 · Cited by 307
Weber, G. F., Zawaideh, S., Hikita, S. T., Kumar, V. A., Cantor, H., & Ashkar, S. (2002) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.72.4.752 · Cited by 272
Nuclear receptors in macrophage biology: at the crossroads of lipid metabolism and inflammation
Castrillo, A., & Tontonoz, P. (2004) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.012103.134432 · Cited by 260
O'Regan, A. W., Chupp, G. L., Lowry, J. A., Goetschkes, M., Mulligan, N. J., & Berman, J. S. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.2.1024 · Cited by 240
Osteopontin as a mediator of NKT cell function in T cell-mediated liver diseases.
Diao, H., Kon, S., Iwabuchi, K., Kimura, C., Morimoto, J., Ito, D., Segawa, T., Maeda, M., Hamuro, J., Nakayama, T., et al. (2004) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.012 · Cited by 226
Targeting farnesoid X receptor for liver and metabolic disorders
Fiorucci, S., Rizzo, G., Donini, A., Distrutti, E., & Santucci, L. (2007) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2007.06.001 · Cited by 199
Essential Role for Neutrophil Recruitment to the Liver in Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis
Bonder, C. S., Ajuebor, M. N., Zbytnuik, L. D., Kubes, P., & Swain, M. G. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.45 · Cited by 192
Fiorucci, S., Rizzo, G., Antonelli, E., Renga, B., Mencarelli, A., Riccardi, L., Orlandi, S., Pruzanski, M., Morelli, A., & Pellicciari, R. (2005) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.105.084905 · Cited by 183
Sahai, A., Malladi, P., Melin-Aldana, H., Green, R. M., & Whitington, P. F. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00002.2004 · Cited by 181
Osteopontin (Eta-1) in cell-mediated immunity: teaching an old dog new tricks
O'Regan, A. W., Nau, G. J., Chupp, G. L., & Berman, J. S. (2000) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/s0167-5699(00)01715-1 · Cited by 164
The role of osteopontin in lung disease.
O'Regan, A. (2003) · Cytokine & growth factor reviews · doi:10.1016/s1359-6101(03)00055-8 · Cited by 160
Diao, J., Garces, R. G., & Richardson, C. D. (2001) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1359-6101(00)00034-4 · Cited by 159
Bertola, A., Deveaux, V., Bonnafous, S., Rousseau, D., Anty, R., Wakkach, A., Dahman, M., Tordjman, J., Clément, K., McQuaid, S., et al. (2008) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db08-0400 · Cited by 150
FXR-mediated regulation of eNOS expression in vascular endothelial cells
Jiang, L., Wilson, A. S., Kuruba, R., Zhang, Q., Gao, X., He, F., Zhang, L., Pitt, B. R., Xie, W., & Song, L. (2007) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvm016 · Cited by 127
Bidder, M., Shao, J.-S., Charlton-Kachigian, N., Loewy, A. P., Semenkovich, C. F., & Towler, D. A. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m206235200 · Cited by 123
Ogawa, D., Stone, J. F., Takata, Y., Blaschke, F., Chu, V., Towler, D. A., Law, R. E., Hsueh, W. A., & Bruemmer, D. (2005) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000163630.86796.17 · Cited by 109
Chen, D., McKallip, R. J., Zeytun, A., Do, Y., Lombard, C. A., Robertson, J. L., Mak, T. W., Nagarkatti, P. S., & Nagarkatti, M. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.5889 · Cited by 97
Osteopontin and cardiovascular system
Okamoto, H. (2006) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-006-9368-3 · Cited by 90
Pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis
McFarlane, I. G. (1999) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0753-3322(99)80096-1 · Cited by 88
Estrogen Receptor α Regulates Expression of the Orphan Receptor Small Heterodimer Partner
Lai, K., Harnish, D. C., & Evans, M. J. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m303913200 · Cited by 81
Nakamachi, T., Nomiyama, T., Gizard, F., Heywood, E. B., Jones, K. L., Zhao, Y., Fuentes, L., Takebayashi, K., Aso, Y., Staels, B., et al. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-1177 · Cited by 80
Osteopontin Expression Correlates with Clinical Outcome in Patients with Mycobacterial Infection
Nau, G. J., Chupp, G. L., Emile, J., Jouanguy, E., Berman, J. S., Casanova, J., & Young, R. A. (2000) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64514-2 · Cited by 79
Hsieh, C.-H., Frink, M., Hsieh, Y.-C., Kan, W.-H., Hsu, J.-T., Schwacha, M. G., Choudhry, M. A., & Chaudry, I. H. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2806 · Cited by 76
Das, A., Fernández-Zapico, M. E., Cao, S., Yao, J. Z., Fiorucci, S., Hebbel, R. P., Urrutia, R. A., & Shah, V. H. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m607720200 · Cited by 75
Critical role of interleukin 5 and eosinophils in concanavalin A–induced hepatitis in mice
Louis, H., Moine, A. L., Flamand, V., Nagy, N., Quertinmont, E., Paulart, F., Abramowicz, D., Moine, O. L., Goldman, M., & Deviere, J. M. (2002) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2002.33620 · Cited by 69
Direct Hepatotoxic Effect of KC Chemokine in the Liver Without Infiltration of Neutrophils
Stefanovic, L., Brenner, D. A., & Stefanovic, B. (2005) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/153537020523000809 · Cited by 69
Oyama, Y., Akuzawa, N., Nagai, R., & Kurabayashi, M. (2002) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/hh0302.105098 · Cited by 64
Renga, B., Migliorati, M., Mencarelli, A., & Fiorucci, S. (2009) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.04.004 · Cited by 60
Kon, S., Ikesue, M., Kimura, C., Aoki, M., Nakayama, Y., Saito, Y., Kurotaki, D., Diao, H., Matsui, Y., Segawa, T., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20071324 · Cited by 60
Wahl, C., Wegenka, U. M., Leithäuser, F., Schirmbeck, R., & Reimann, J. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0802810 · Cited by 46
CD44 Differentially Activates Mouse NK T Cells and Conventional T Cells1
Larkin, J., Renukaradhya, G., Sriram, V., Du, W.-J., Gervay-Hague, J., & Brutkiewicz, R. (2006) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.268 · Cited by 43
AP-1 Is Involved in UTP-Induced Osteopontin Expression in Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells
Renault, M., Jalvy, S., Belloc, I., Pasquet, S., Sena, S., Olive, M., Desgranges, C., & Gadeau, A. (2003) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000094747.05021.62 · Cited by 43
Morikawa, H., Hachiya, K., Mizuhara, H., Fujiwara, H., Nishiguchi, S., Shiomi, S., Kuroki, T., & Kaneda, K. (2000) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.510310115 · Cited by 36
Morimoto, J., Inobe, M., Kimura, C., Kon, S., Diao, H., Aoki, M., Miyazaki, T., Denhardt, D., Rittling, S., & Uede, T. (2004) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxh044 · Cited by 35
Osteopontin Small Interfering RNA Protects Mice from Fulminant Hepatitis
Saito, Y., Kon, S., Fujiwara, Y., Nakayama, Y., Kurotaki, D., Fukuda, N., Kimura, C., Kanayama, M., Ito, K., Diao, H., et al. (2007) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2007.069 · Cited by 34
Effect of Osteopontin Alleles on β-Glucan-Induced Granuloma Formation in the Mouse Liver
Tanaka, K., Morimoto, J. O., Kon, S., Kimura, C., Inobe, M., Diao, H., Hirschfeld, G., Weiss, J. M., & Uede, T. (2004) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63146-x · Cited by 23
The Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Hepatitis
Vierling, J. M. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-569-9_2 · Cited by 19
Killers on Patrol: Liver Lymphocytes Remain in the Blood Vessels
(2005) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030154 · Cited by 1
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 2005, Liver X receptor agonist inhibit cytokine-induced osteopontin expression in macrophages through interference with activator protein-1 signaling pathways., 59
- 2000, Eta-1 (osteopontin): an early component of type-1 (cell-mediated) immunity., 860
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Commensal bacteria at the interface of host metabolism and the immune system
Brestoff, J. R., & Artis, D. (2013) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2640 · Cited by 945
Postler, T. S., & Ghosh, S. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.05.008 · Cited by 876
“Cipriani et al., 2011; Guo et al., 2015; Kawamata et al., 2003; Mencarelli et al., 2009; Sayin et al., 2013; Vavassori et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2011a ty bile l Enhances epithelial barrier function and maintenance by promoting epithelial production of IL-18 Levy et al., 2015 (Continued on next…”
BackgroundHigh-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review
Malesza, I. J., Malesza, M., Walkowiak, J., Mussin, N. M., Walkowiak, D., Aringazina, R. A., Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, J., & Mądry, E. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10113164 · Cited by 847
Gut-Microbiota-Derived Metabolites Maintain Gut and Systemic Immune Homeostasis
Wang, J., Zhu, N., Su, L., Gao, Y., & Yang, R. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12050793 · Cited by 649
Gasaly, N., de Vos, P., & Hermoso, M. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.658354 · Cited by 611
Metadata
- Authors
- Mencarelli, A., Renga, B., Migliorati, M., Cipriani, S., Distrutti, E., Santucci, L., & Fiorucci, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Perugia (IT)
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia (IT)
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 183
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 6657-6666
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- OpenAlex
- W2101271723
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- The Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Diseases and Immunity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection
- Keywords
- farnesoid X receptor, liver immunity, autoimmune hepatitis, NKT cells, osteopontin, c-Jun, FXR agonists, liver injury, nuclear receptor signaling
- MeSH terms
- Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated, Acute Disease, Animals, Bile Acids and Salts, Cell Line, Concanavalin A, Hepatitis, Interferon-gamma, Liver, Lymphocyte Activation, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mitogens, Promoter Regions, Genetic, RNA, Messenger, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-4, Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Osteopontin, Natural Killer T-Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
