The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The JNK Are Important for Development and Survival of Macrophages
Abstract
We report in this study that activation of the JNK by the growth factor, CSF-1 is critical for macrophage development, proliferation, and survival. Inhibition of JNK with two distinct classes of inhibitors, the pharmacological agent SP600125, or the peptide D-JNKI1 resulted in cell cycle inhibition with an arrest at the G2/M transition and subsequent apoptosis. JNK inhibition resulted in decreased expression of CSF-1R (c-fms) and Bcl-xL mRNA in mature macrophages and repressed CSF-1-dependent differentiation of bone marrow cells to macrophages. Macrophage sensitivity to JNK inhibitors may be linked to phosphorylation of the PU.1 transcription factor. Inhibition of JNK disrupted PU.1 binding to an element in the c-fms gene promoter and decreased promoter activity. Promoter activity could be restored by overexpression of PU.1. A comparison of expression profiles of macrophages with 22 other tissue types showed that genes that signal JNK activation downstream of tyrosine kinase receptors, such as focal adhesion kinase, Nck-interacting kinase, and Rac1 and scaffold proteins are highly expressed in macrophages relative to other tissues. This pattern of expression may underlie the novel role of JNK in macrophages.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Signal transduction by the JNK group of MAP kinases
Davis, R. J. (2000) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00116-1 · Cited by 4,237
Schreiber, E. H., Matthias, P., Müller, M. M., & Schaffner, W. (1989) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/17.15.6419 · Cited by 4,179
Vlahos, C. J., Matter, W. F., Hui, K. Y., & Brown, R. F. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37680-9 · Cited by 3,248
A synthetic inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade.
Dudley, D. T., Pang, L., Decker, S. J., Bridges, A. J., & Saltiel, A. R. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.17.7686 · Cited by 2,679
Amino Acid Sequences Common to Rapidly Degraded Proteins: The PEST Hypothesis
Rogers, S. W., Wells, R., & Rechsteiner, M. (1986) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2876518 · Cited by 2,541
Signal transduction by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) — from inflammation to development
Ip, Y. T., & Davis, R. J. (1998) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s0955-0674(98)80143-9 · Cited by 1,538
Selective interaction of JNK protein kinase isoforms with transcription factors.
Gupta, S., Barrett, T., Whitmarsh, A. J., Cavanagh, J., Sluss, H. K., Dérijard, B., & Davis, R. J. (1996) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00636.x · Cited by 1,341
Dai, X.-M., Ryan, G. R., Hapel, A. J., Dominguez, M. G., Russell, R. G., Kapp, S., Sylvestre, V., & Stanley, E. R. (2002) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v99.1.111 · Cited by 1,184
Targeted disruption of the PU.1 gene results in multiple hematopoietic abnormalities
McKercher, S. R., Torbett, B. E., Anderson, K. L., Henkel, G. W., Vestal, D. J., Baribault, H., Klemsz, M., Feeney, A. J., Wu, G. E., Paige, C. J., et al. (1996) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00949.x · Cited by 1,130
Han, Z., Boyle, D. L., Chang, L., Bennett, B. L., Karin, M., Yang, L., Manning, A. M., & Firestein, G. S. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci12466 · Cited by 797
Smeal, T., Binetruy, B., Mercola, D. A., Birrer, M., & Karin, M. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/354494a0 · Cited by 789
c‐Jun regulates cell cycle progression and apoptosis by distinct mechanisms
Wisdom, R., Johnson, R. S., & Moore, C. (1999) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/18.1.188 · Cited by 687
Sasmono, R. T., Oceandy, D., Pollard, J. W., Tong, W., Pavli, P., Wainwright, B. J., Ostrowski, M. C., Himes, S. R., & Hume, D. A. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-02-0569 · Cited by 662
Self-citationDefective T Cell Differentiation in the Absence of Jnk1
Dong, C., Yang, D. D., Wysk, M., Whitmarsh, A. J., Davis, R. J., & Flavell, R. A. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.2092 · Cited by 579
Control of cell cycle progression by c-Jun is p53 dependentPreprint
Schreiber, M., Kolbus, A., Piu, F., Szabowski, A., Möhle-Steinlein, U., Tian, J., Karin, M., Angel, P., & Wagner, E. F. (1999) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.13.5.607 · Cited by 576
Cell-Permeable Peptide Inhibitors of JNK
Bonny, C., Oberson, A., Negri, S., Sauser, C., & Schorderet, D. F. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.1.77 · Cited by 571
Statistical Issues in cDNA Microarray Data Analysis
Smyth, G. K., Yang, J. Y. H., & Speed, T. P. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/1-59259-364-x:111 · Cited by 471
Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in bacterial lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages.
Hambleton, J., Weinstein, S. L., Lem, L., & DeFranco, A. L. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.7.2774 · Cited by 471
Differentiation of CD4+ T Cells to Th1 Cells Requires MAP Kinase JNK2
Yang, D. D., Conze, D. B., Whitmarsh, A. J., Barrett, T., Davis, R. J., Rincón, M., & Flavell, R. A. (1998) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80640-8 · Cited by 453
The Jun and Fos Protein Families Are Both Required for Cell Cycle Progression in Fibroblasts
Kovary, K., & Bravo, R. (1991) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.11.9.4466 · Cited by 447
p110δ, a novel phosphoinositide 3-kinase in leukocytes
Vanhaesebroeck, B., Welham, M. J., Kotani, K., Stein, R. C., Warne, P. H., Zvelebil, M., Higashi, K., Volinia, S., Downward, J., & Waterfield, M. D. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4330 · Cited by 445
Zhang, D.-E., Hetherington, C. J., Chen, H.-M., & Tenen, D. G. (1994) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.14.1.373-381.1994 · Cited by 411
Almeida, E. A. C., Ilić, D., Han, Q., Hauck, C. R., Jin, F., Kawakatsu, H., Schlaepfer, D. D., & Damsky, C. H. (2000) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.149.3.741 · Cited by 358
Chen, J., Fujii, K., Zhang, L., Roberts, T. M., & Fu, H. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.141224398 · Cited by 316
Oktay, M. H., Wary, K. K., Dans, M. J., Birge, R. B., & Giancotti, F. G. (1999) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.145.7.1461 · Cited by 275
Transcription factors that regulate monocyte/macrophage differentiation
Valledor, A. F., Borràs, F. E., Cullell-Young, M., & Celada, A. (1998) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.63.4.405 · Cited by 215
Zheng, B., Fiumara, P. F., Li, Y. V., Georgakis, G. V., Snell, V., Younes, M., Vauthey, J., Carbone, A., & Younes, A. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-11-3507 · Cited by 213
Miki, R., Kadota, K., Bono, H. U., Mizuno, Y., Tomaru, Y., Carninci, P., Itoh, M., Shibata, K., Kawai, J., Konno, H., et al. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.041605498 · Cited by 200
Myeloid Development Is Selectively Disrupted in PU.1 Null Mice
Anderson, K. L., Smith, K. A., Conners, K., McKercher, S. R., Maki, R. A., & Torbett, B. E. (1998) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v91.10.3702 · Cited by 193
Li, W., Hu, P. J., Skolnik, E. Y., Ullrich, A., & Schlessinger, J. (1992) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.12.12.5824 · Cited by 175
Survival signaling mediated by c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase in transformed B lymphoblasts
Hess, P., Pihan, G. A., Sawyers, C. L., Flavell, R. A., & Davis, R. J. (2002) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng946 · Cited by 165
The transcription factor PU.1 is involved in macrophage proliferation.
Celada, A., Borràs, F. E., Soler, C., Lloberas, J., Klemsz, M., van Beveren, C., McKercher, S., & Maki, R. A. (1996) · The Journal of experimental medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.184.1.61 · Cited by 152 · cited 1×
“1 transcription factor has been shown to effect proliferation of BMMs in a CSF-1-dependent manner, and decreased proliferation of BMMs in response to JNK inhibition may partially occur through repression of c-fms gene expression (54) (Fig.”
BackgroundLanger, S. J., Bortner, D. M., Roussel, M. F., Sherr, C. J., & Ostrowski, M. C. (1992) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.12.12.5355-5362.1992 · Cited by 146
Shurtleff, S. A., Downing, J. R., Rock, C. O., et al. (1990) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07417.x · Cited by 145
Valledor, A. F., Comalada, M., Xaus, J., & Celada, A. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.275.10.7403 · Cited by 135
Stacey, K. J., Fowles, L., Colman, M. S., Ostrowski, M. C., & Hume, D. A. (1995) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.15.6.3430 · Cited by 128
Self-citationRescue of defective mitogenic signaling by D-type cyclins.
Roussel, M. F., Theodoras, A. M., Pagano, M., & Sherr, C. J. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.15.6837 · Cited by 111
Fowles, L., Martin, M. L., Nelsen, L., Stacey, K. J., Redd, D., Clark, Y. M., Nagamine, Y., McMahon, M., Hume, D. A., & Ostrowski, M. C. (1998) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.18.9.5148 · Cited by 104
Self-citationSevilla, L., Aperlo, C., Dulić, V., Chambard, J., Boutonnet, C., Pasquier, O., Pognonec, P., & Boulukos, K. E. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.19.4.2624 · Cited by 97
Rehli, M., den Elzen, N. R., Cassady, A. I., Ostrowski, M. C., & Hume, D. A. (1999) · Genomics · doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5588 · Cited by 95
Self-citationDreskin, S. C., Thomas, G. W., Dale, S. N., & Heasley, L. E. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.9.5646 · Cited by 95
Wang, J.-M., Lai, M.-Z., & Yang-Yen, H.-F. (2003) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.23.6.1896-1909.2003 · Cited by 90
Inhibition of c-jun causes reversible proliferative arrest and withdrawal from the cell cycle
Smith, M., & Prochownik, E. (1992) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v79.8.2107.2107 · Cited by 84
Ross, I. L., Xie, Y., Ostrowski, M. C., & Hume, D. A. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.12.6662 · Cited by 79
Self-citationA highly conserved c-fmsgene intronic element controls macrophage-specific and regulated expression
Himes, S. R., Tagoh, H., Goonetilleke, N., Sasmono, R. T., Oceandy, D., Clark, R. J., Bonifer, C., & Hume, D. A. (2001) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.70.5.812 · Cited by 79
Self-citationSmith, J. L., Schaffner, A. E., Hofmeister, J. K., Hartman, M. S., Guo, W., Forsthoefel, D. J., Hume, D. A., & Ostrowski, M. C. (2000) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.20.21.8026-8034.2000 · Cited by 71
Self-citationInhibition of c-jun causes reversible proliferative arrest and withdrawal from the cell cycle
Smith, M., & Prochownik, E. (1992) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v79.8.2107.bloodjournal7982107 · Cited by 64
Jaworowski, A., Wilson, N. J., Christy, E., Byrne, R. A., & Hamilton, J. A. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.21.15127 · Cited by 61
Sevilla, L., Zaldumbide, A., Carlotti, F., Dayem, M. A., Pognonec, P., & Boulukos, K. E. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m008270200 · Cited by 60
Caraglia, M., Tagliaferri, P., Marra, M., Giuberti, G., Budillon, A., Gennaro, E. D., Pepe, S., Vitale, G., Improta, S., Tassone, P., et al. (2003) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401131 · Cited by 59
Octamer Binding Factors and Their Coactivator Can Activate the Murine PU.1 (spi-1) Promoter
Chen, H.-M., Zhang, P., Radomska, H. S., Hetherington, C. J., Zhang, D.-E., & Tenen, D. G. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.26.15743 · Cited by 59
c-Jun-NH2 Kinase (JNK) Contributes to the Regulation of c-Myc Protein Stability
Alarcon-Vargas, D., & Ronai, Z. A. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m312054200 · Cited by 59
Ross, I. L., Dunn, T. L., Yue, X., Himes, S. R., Barnett, C. J. K., & Hume, D. A. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 57
Self-citationSelective Involvement of p130Cas/Crk/Pyk2/c-Src in Endothelin-1-Induced JNK Activation
Kodama, H., Fukuda, K., Takahashi, E., et al. (2003) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000069698.11814.f4 · Cited by 55
Colony‐stimulating factor‐1 receptor (c‐fms)
Sherr, C. J., Roussel, M. F., & Rettenmier, C. W. (1988) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.240380305 · Cited by 55
Swenson, K. I., Winkler, K. E., & Means, A. R. (2003) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e02-02-0115 · Cited by 49
Differential phosphorylations of Spi-B and Spi-1 transcription factors.
Mao, C., Ray-Gallet, D., Tavitian, A., et al. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 48
Jin, D. I., Jameson, S. B., Reddy, M. A., Schenkman, D., & Ostrowski, M. C. (1995) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.15.2.693 · Cited by 47
Cell Cycle Regulation of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Activity at the Centrosomes
MacCorkle-Chosnek, R. A., VanHooser, A., Goodrich, D. W., et al. (2001) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5948 · Cited by 38
Takino, T., Yoshioka, K., Miyamori, H., et al. (2003) · Kanazawa University Repository for Academic Resources (DSpace) (Kanazawa University) · Cited by 31
Takino, T., Yoshioka, K., Miyamori, H., Yamada, K. M., & Sato, H. (2002) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205840 · Cited by 31
Li, W., Hu, P. J., Skolnik, E. Y., et al. (1992) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.12.12.5824-5833.1992 · Cited by 30
Fowles, L., Stacey, K. J., Marks, D. C., HAMILTON, J. A., & Hume, D. A. (2000) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3470313 · Cited by 20
Self-citationLiu, R., Itoh, T., Arai, K., & Watanabe, S. (1997) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6643 · Cited by 16
Myeloid Development Is Selectively Disrupted in PU.1 Null Mice
Anderson, K. L., Smith, K. A., Conners, K., et al. (1998) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v91.10.3702.3702_3702_3710 · Cited by 16
Regulation and functions of c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase.
Wang, T. H., Wang, H. S., & Soong, Y. K. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 11
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 69 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 64
- 2000, J. Biol. Chem., 7403
- 1997, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 611
- 1998, Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol., 205
- 1996, EMBO J., 2760
- 1991, Nature, 494
- 1998, Immunity, 575
- 1998, Science, 2092
- 2000, Cell, 239
- 1996, Oncogene, 863
- 2000, Mol. Cell. Biol., 8026
- 1994, Mol. Cell. Biol., 373
- 1998, J. Leukocyte Biol., 405
- 1996, EMBO J., 5647
- 1997, Mol. Reprod. Dev., 4
- 1988, J. Cell. Biochem., 179
- 1990, EMBO J., 2415
- 1992, Mol. Cell. Biol., 5355
- 1995, Mol. Cell. Biol., 693
- 1999, Mol. Cell. Biol., 2624
- 2001, J. Clin. Invest., 73
- 2001, Diabetes, 77
- 2003, Blood, 1155
- 1989, Nucleic Acids Res., 6419
- 1998, J. Biol. Chem., 6662
- 2001, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2199
- 2003, Methods Mol. Biol., 111
- 1999, J. Biol. Chem., 15127
- 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 7686
- 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 4330
- 1994, J. Biol. Chem., 5241
- 2003, Cell Death Differ., 218
- 2001, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 7783
- 2003, Blood, 1019
- 1999, Genomics, 111
- 2003, Mol. Cell. Biol., 1896
- 1986, Science, 364
- 1996, J. Biol. Chem., 15743
- 2001, J. Leukocyte Biol., 812
- 1994, Oncogene, 121
- 2001, J. Biol. Chem., 17800
- 2000, J. Cell Biol., 741
- 1999, J. Cell Biol., 1461
- 1992, Mol. Cell. Biol., 5824
- 1995, Mol. Cell. Biol., 3430
- 2000, Biochem. J., 313
- 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 6837
- 1991, Mol. Cell. Biol., 4466
- 1992, Blood, 2107
- 1999, Genes Dev., 607
- 1999, EMBO J., 188
- 2004, J. Biol. Chem., 5008
- 2001, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 173
- 2003, Mol. Biol. Cell., 156
- 1996, J. Exp. Med., 61
- 1998, Mol. Cell. Biol., 5148
- 2000, Chang Gung Med. J., 57
- 1997, Mol. Reprod. Dev., 11
- 2002, Nat. Genet., 201
- 2003, Hypertension, 1372
- 2002, Oncogene, 6488
- 1998, Blood, 3702
- 2002, Blood, 111
- 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2774
- 2001, J. Immunol., 5646
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Zhang, Y., Choksi, S., Chen, K., Pobezinskaya, E. L., Linnoila, I. R., & Liu, Z.-G. (2013) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/cr.2013.75 · Cited by 591
Inflammation in Diabetic Nephropathy
Lim, A. K. H., & Tesch, G. H. (2012) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2012/146154 · Cited by 439
Transcriptional control of granulocyte and monocyte development
Friedman, A. D. (2007) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210764 · Cited by 427
“The JNK inhibitor SP600125 reduces the number of macrophages developing from murine marrow cells cultured in the presence of M-CSF (Himes et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMajor pathways involved in macrophage polarization in cancer
Kerneur, C., Cano, C. E., & Olive, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1026954 · Cited by 363
JNK signaling in cancer cell survival
Wu, Q., Wu, W., Fu, B., Shi, L., Wang, X., & Kuca, K. (2019) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21574 · Cited by 322
Metadata
- Authors
- Himes, S. R., Sester, D. P., Ravasi, T., Cronau, S. L., Sasmono, T., & Hume, D. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Cooperative Research Centre for Chronic Inflammatory Disease, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane ,
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-02
- Volume
- 176
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 2219-2228
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- OpenAlex
- W1582648966
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Keywords
- JNK, macrophage development, macrophage survival, CSF-1, CSF-1 receptor, c-fms, Bcl-xL, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, G2/M cell cycle arrest, PU.1, transcriptional regulation, macrophage differentiation, bone marrow, JNK inhibitor, SP600125, tyrosine kinase signaling, focal adhesion kinase, Rac1, scaffold proteins
- MeSH terms
- Proto-Oncogene Protein Spi-1, Animals, Bone Marrow Cells, Cell Differentiation, Cell Survival, Cells, Cultured, DNA, Gene Expression Regulation, Macrophages, Phosphorylation, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Protein Binding, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, RNA, Messenger, Signal Transduction, Trans-Activators, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Gene Expression Profiling, JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review