A role for mammalian target of rapamycin in regulating T cell activation versus anergy
Abstract
Whether TCR engagement leads to activation or tolerance is determined by the concomitant delivery of multiple accessory signals, cytokines, and environmental cues. In this study, we demonstrate that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates these signals and determines the outcome of TCR engagement with regard to activation or anergy. In vitro, Ag recognition in the setting of mTOR activation leads to full immune responses, whereas recognition in the setting of mTOR inhibition results in anergy. Full T cell activation is associated with an increase in the phosphorylation of the downstream mTOR target S6 kinase 1 at Thr(421)/Ser(424) and an increase in the mTOR-dependent cell surface expression of transferrin receptor (CD71). Alternatively, the induction of anergy results in markedly less S6 kinase 1 Thr(421)/Ser(424) phosphorylation and CD71 surface expression. Likewise, the reversal of anergy is associated not with proliferation, but rather the specific activation of mTOR. Importantly, T cells engineered to express a rapamycin-resistant mTOR construct are resistant to anergy induction caused by rapamycin. In vivo, mTOR inhibition promotes T cell anergy under conditions that would normally induce priming. Furthermore, by examining CD71 surface expression, we are able to distinguish and differentially isolate anergic and activated T cells in vivo. Overall, our data suggest that by integrating environmental cues, mTOR plays a central role in determining the outcome of Ag recognition.
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Induction of T cell anergy involves TFR downregulation.
“Moreover, it has been suggested that induction of T cell anergy, a process whereby an activated T cell becomes tolerant and functionally inactive (a desirable effect in cases of hyper T cell activation under autoimmune conditions and undesirable in the tumor microenvironment) involves TFR downregulation (Zheng et al., 2007).”
From The Role of Iron Regulation in Immunometabolism and Immune-Related Disease (2019) · cites this paper as Zheng et al., 2007
In vivo, anergic T cells show decreased TfR surface expression compared with activated T cells.
“TfR surface expression has been shown to be different between anergic and activated T cells in vivo, whereby anergic T cells showed decreased TfR levels [143].”
From Iron in immune cell function and host defense (2021) · cites this paper as [143]
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- Authors
- Zheng, Y., Collins, S. L., Lutz, M. A., Allen, A. N., Kole, T. P., Zarek, P. E., & Powell, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 178
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 2163-2170
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- OpenAlex
- W1944331591
- Cited by
- 274
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 5.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- National Institutes of Health (1k22ai001773-01)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA098109, R01CA98109)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (5K22AI1773)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Signaling Pathways in Disease
- Keywords
- mTOR, T cell anergy, T cell activation, T cell receptor signaling, transferrin receptor, rapamycin resistance, T cell tolerance, antigen recognition, T cell proliferation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Lymphocyte Activation, Protein Kinases, Receptors, Transferrin, T-Lymphocytes, Antigens, CD, Clonal Anergy, Antigen Presentation, Jurkat Cells, Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, Sirolimus, Mice, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
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