Chemokine Receptor CX3CR1 Mediates Skin Wound Healing by Promoting Macrophage and Fibroblast Accumulation and Function
Abstract
Wounds heal through a highly regulated, self-limited inflammatory response, however, precise inflammatory mediators have not been fully delineated. In this study, we report that in a mouse model of excisional skin wound healing the chemokine CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1 were both highly induced at wound sites; CX3CL1 colocalized with macrophages and endothelial cells, whereas CX3CR1 colocalized mainly with macrophages and fibroblasts. Loss of CX3CR1 function delayed wound closure in both CX3CR1 knockout (KO) mice and in wild-type mice infused with anti-CX3CR1-neutralizing Ab. Conversely, transfer of bone marrow from donor wild-type mice, but not from donor CX3CR1 KO mice, restored wound healing to normal in CX3CR1 KO-recipient mice. Direct effects of CX3CR1 disruption at the wound site included marked reduction of macrophages and macrophage products, such as TGF-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Consistent with this, we observed reduced α-smooth muscle actin (a marker for myofibroblasts) and collagen deposition in skin from wounded CX3CR1 KO mice, as well as reduced neovascularization. Together, the data support a molecular model of skin wound repair in which CX3CR1 mediates direct recruitment of bone marrow-derived monocytes/macrophages which release profibrotic and angiogenic mediators.
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In IL-1ra−/− mice, neutrophil recruitment is exaggerated and accompanied by augmented expression of IL-1s, TNFα, and CXC chemokines, MIP-2, and KC together with a failure to induce TGFβ1 and angiogenesis.
“Conversely, neutrophil recruitment is exaggerated and accompanied by augmented expression of IL-1s, TNFα, and CXC chemokines, macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha (MIP-2), and KC together with a failure to induce tumor growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and angiogenesis.57”
From The Innate Immune System in Acute and Chronic Wounds (2016) · cites this paper as [57]
CX3CL1 expression is highly induced during the healing of acute excisional wound.
“The in vivo relevance of CX3CL1 and its receptor (CX3CR1) for the wound healing response is supported by the finding that its expression is highly induced during the healing of acute excisional wound57”
From The Innate Immune System in Acute and Chronic Wounds (2016) · cites this paper as [57]
Compared with wild-type, CX3CR1−/− mice show reduced numbers of macrophages and particularly products of anti-inflammatory macrophages such as TGFβ and VEGF at the wound site.
“By comparison with wild-type, CX3CR1−/− mice showed reduced numbers of macrophages and particularly the products of anti-inflammatory macrophages such as TGFβ and VEGF at the wound site.”
From The Innate Immune System in Acute and Chronic Wounds (2016) · cites this paper as [57]
CX3CR1−/− mice show delayed wound healing that can be restored by bone marrow transplants from wild-type mice, implying that the relevant site of the receptor is a bone marrow-derived cell such as the macrophage.
“and that CX3CR1−/− mice show delayed wound healing that could be restored by bone marrow transplants from wild-type mice, implying that the relevant site of the receptor is a bone marrow-derived cell, such as the macrophage.”
From The Innate Immune System in Acute and Chronic Wounds (2016) · cites this paper as [57]
Fractalkine is involved in the recruitment of anti-inflammatory macrophages to the wound site.
“This was interpreted as indicating that fractalkine is involved in the recruitment of anti-inflammatory macrophages to the wound site.57”
From The Innate Immune System in Acute and Chronic Wounds (2016) · cites this paper as [57]
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“Conversely, neutrophil recruitment is exaggerated and accompanied by augmented expression of IL-1s, TNFa, and CXC chemokines, macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha (MIP-2), and KC together with a failure to induce tumor growth factor b1 (TGFb1) and angiogenesis.(57) This IL-1ra - / - phenotype is strongly reminiscen…”
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- Authors
- Ishida, Y., Gao, J.-L., & Murphy, P. M.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-01-01
- Volume
- 180
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 569-579
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- OpenAlex
- W1566903555
- Semantic Scholar
- b7b44a5afc8fbfe5af5bcd673a72dd44fd4ee8b5
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 15.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Chemokine receptors and signaling
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
- Keywords
- CX3CR1, fractalkine, skin wound healing, macrophages, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, bone marrow-derived monocytes, TGF-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor, neovascularization, collagen deposition, chemokine signaling
- MeSH terms
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1, Animals, Antibodies, Collagen, Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Male, Neutrophils, Skin, T-Lymphocytes, Wound Healing, Mice, Knockout, Receptors, Chemokine, Mice, Transforming Growth Factor beta1, Chemokine CX3CL1
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