The latent structure and predictors of non-medical prescription drug use and prescription drug use disorders: a national study
Open accessAbstract
Background Despite growing concerns about non-medical prescription drug use and prescription drug use disorders, whether vulnerability for these conditions is drug-specific or occurs through a shared liability and common risk factors is unknown.Methods Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of Wave 1 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions were used to examine the latent structure of non-medical prescription drug use and prescription drug use disorders. Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) analysis was used to examine whether the effect of sociodemographic and psychiatric covariates occurred through the latent factor, directly on each drug class or both.Results A one-factor model described well the structure of both non-medical prescription drug use and prescription drug use disorders. Younger age, being White, having more intense pain or one of several psychiatric disorders increased the risk of non-medical prescription drug use through the latent factor. The same covariates, except for anxiety disorders also significantly increased the risk of prescription drug use disorders through the latent factor. Older age directly increased the risk of non-medical use of sedatives, and alcohol use disorders decreased the risk of non-medical tranquilizer use. No covariates had direct effects on the risk of any prescription drug use disorders beyond their effect through the latent factor.Conclusion The risk for non-medical prescription drug use and prescription drug use disorders occurs through a shared liability. Treatment, prevention and policy approaches directed at these drugs as a group maybe more effective than those focused on individual classes of drugs.
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Younger age, white race, chronic pain, and psychiatric comorbidities are associated with general substance misuse, while older age is linked to sedative misuse.
“Younger age, white race, chronic pain, and psychiatric comorbidities are associated with general substance misuse, while older age is linked to sedative misuse.”
From Z-drug abuse and dependence: Clinical guideline of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology for diagnosis and management (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
The Results (§3.2) link younger age, White race, more intense pain, and several psychiatric disorders to non-medical prescription drug use through a common latent factor. They also link older age specifically to non-medical sedative use. The claim broadens the first finding to substance misuse generally and describes pain as chronic, neither of which this passage establishes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Blanco, C., Rafful, C., Wall, M. M., Jin, C. J., Kerridge, B., & Schwartz, R. P.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Friends Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blanco, Carlos
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 473-479
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3818293
- OpenAlex
- W2033122092
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH082773, MH076051, R01MH076051, MH082773)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA019606, R01DA023973, DA023200, R01DA019606, DA023973, K02DA023200)
- National Cancer Institute (CA133050, R01CA133050)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Keywords
- nonmedical prescription drug use, shared liability, latent structure, mental illness, pain, sedatives, tranquilizers, alcoholism, anxiety disorders, sociodemographic risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Alcoholism, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Analgesics, Opioid, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Male, Methamphetamine, Pain, Pain Measurement, Anti-Anxiety Agents, United States, Substance-Related Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult, Prescription Drug Misuse
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