The DOI matches its Crossref record.
An Open Trial of Light Therapy in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: In adults with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a delayed sleep/ activity rhythm and/or seasonal mood symptoms may contribute significantly to core pathology and disability. This study examined whether a chronobiologically based treatment, i.e., morning bright light therapy (LT), might have utility as an adjunctive treatment for adult ADHD in the fall/ winter period. METHOD: Twenty-nine adults with DSM-IV ADHD were administered a standard 3-week open trial of LT during the fall or winter months. Primary outcome measures included percentage reduction on the Brown Adult ADD Scale and the Conners' Adult ADHD Scale. Secondary measures were decrease in depression scores according to the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Seasonal Affective Disorder version; improvements on various neuropsychological tests; and shift toward an earlier circadian preference as measured by the Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness questionnaire. Regression analyses determined which variables at baseline best predicted improvement on a given outcome measure and which variables changed in parallel with one another. The study was conducted from November 2003 through February 2004. RESULTS: Morning bright light therapy was associated with a significant decrease in both subjective and objective measures of core ADHD pathology, improved mood symptoms, and a significant phase advance in circadian preference. Multiple regression showed that the shift toward an earlier circadian preference with LT was the strongest predictor of improvement on both subjective and objective ADHD measures. Neither baseline global seasonality scores nor baseline depression scores strongly predicted LT effects on most measures of ADHD. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that during the fall/winter period, LT may be a useful adjunct in many adults with ADHD. Strikingly, the strongest correlate of improvement in core ADHD pathology was a phase advance in circadian preference rather than alleviation of comorbid seasonal affective disorder, suggesting important clinical benefits of LT beyond the treatment of seasonal affective disorder.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The stabilising effects of light also make BLT a useful additional treatment in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [69], borderline personality disorder [19], and other conditions characterised by sleep–wake disruption, such as schizophrenia [18] or neurodegenerative diseases [103].”
From Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood (2019) · cites this paper as [69]
In the citing paper
“advances of circadian preference.”
From A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Rybak et al (2006)
In the citing paper
“Rybak et al (2006) report that morning light therapy in adults with ADHD results in alleviation of core ADHD”
From A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Rybak et al (2006)
In the citing paper
“improvement of mood symptoms”
From A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Rybak et al (2006)
In the citing paper
“Reduction in ADHD symptom severity indicated by Brown Adult ADD scale and CAARS associated with greater MEQ scores”
From A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Rybak et al. 2006
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood
Blume, C., Garbazza, C., & Spitschan, M. (2019) · Somnologie · doi:10.1007/s11818-019-00215-x · Cited by 695
“In addition to the pathway between retina and SCN, there is recent evidence from animal studies show- Abbreviations ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder BLT Bright light therapy CCT Correlated colour temperature CIE Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage CRSWD Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders DLMO Dim-…”
BackgroundBright-Light Therapy in the Treatment of Mood Disorders
Pail, G., Huf, W., Pjrek, E., Winkler, D., Willeit, M., Praschak-Rieder, N., & Kasper, S. F. (2011) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000328950 · Cited by 291
“and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [”
Konofal, É., Lecendreux, M., & Cortese, S. (2010) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.02.012 · Cited by 262
“[39] observed a significant phase advance in circadian preference as well as an improvement in both subjective and objective measures of ADHD.”
BackgroundAssessment and Management of Sleep Problems in Youths With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Cortese, S., Brown, T. E., Corkum, P. V., Gruber, R., O'Brien, L. M., Stein, M. A., Weiss, M. D., & Owens, J. A. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.06.001 · Cited by 250
Sleep in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: Past, present, and future
Yoon, S. Y., Jain, U., & Shapiro, C. M. (2011) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2011.07.001 · Cited by 226
Self-citationCoogan, A. N., & McGowan, N. M. (2017) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-016-0214-5 · Cited by 208
Walters, A. S., Silvestri, R., Zucconi, M., Chandrashekariah, R., & Konofal, É. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.27356 · Cited by 167
Chronotherapeutics in a psychiatric ward
Benedetti, F., Barbini, B., Colombo, C., & Smeraldi, E. (2007) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.06.004 · Cited by 169
Evolving applications of light therapy
Terman, M. (2007) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.06.003 · Cited by 152
“As with earlier work on bulimia nervosa, which began with observations of winter exacerbation,(34) light therapy for adult ADHD was initially construed in conjunction with SAD and the circadian rhythm phase delay characteristic in winter.(35) However, 29 patients were selected on the basis of ADHD criteria regardless…”
MethodThe role of the circadian system in the etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD: time to redefine ADHD?
Bijlenga, D., Vollebregt, M. A., Kooij, J. J. S., & Arns, M. (2019) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-018-0271-z · Cited by 137
Light, lighting and human health
Boyce, P. R. (2021) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/14771535211010267 · Cited by 128
Arns, M., & Kenemans, J. L. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.10.006 · Cited by 121
Bijlenga, D., van der Heijden, K. B., Breuk, M., van Someren, E. J. W., Lie, M. E. H., Boonstra, A. M., Swaab, H. J. T., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711428965 · Cited by 109
“For example, we did not find any association between amount of daylight exposure and seasonal depressive symptoms, which is incongruent to many other findings (e.g., Rybak et al., 2006).”
ResultRybak, Y. E., McNeely, H. E., Mackenzie, B. E., Jain, U. R., & Levitan, R. D. (2007) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.05.008 · Cited by 102
“A 3-week trial of morning bright light therapy to reverse chronobiologic deficits was also administered, with results summarized in a separate article [6].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationInattentive Symptoms of ADHD Are Related to Evening Orientation
Caci, H., Bouchez, J., & Baylé, F. J. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054708320439 · Cited by 101
Simulated driving performance of adults with ADHD: comparisons with alcohol intoxication.
Weafer, J., Camarillo, D., Fillmore, M., Milich, R., & Marczinski, C. (2008) · Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.16.3.251 · Cited by 102
Arns, M., van der Heijden, K. B., Arnold, L. E., & Kenemans, J. L. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.010 · Cited by 93
“Chronobiological interventions in ADHD patients with insomnia, such as early-morning bright light (17) and longterm melatonin treatment (18), have resulted in an improvement of ADHD symptoms.”
BackgroundResultWeafer, J., Milich, R., & Fillmore, M. T. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.027 · Cited by 92
“Three of the CAARS-S:L scales are based on wellestablished DSM-IV criteria of ADHD and have been used for adult ADHD diagnostic purposes in other research (e.g., Adler et al., 2006; Rybak et al., 2006).”
MethodIRONSIDE, S., DAVIDSON, F., & CORKUM, P. (2010) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00845.x · Cited by 84
“, 2007), and in one study of adults with ADHD (Rybak et al., 2006).”
BackgroundImeraj, L., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Antrop, I., Roeyers, H., Wiersema, R., Bal, S., & Deboutte, D. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.04.007 · Cited by 90
“Although light therapy seems effective in adults with ADHD and a delayed sleep phase (Rybak et al., 2004), so far, no melatonin medication studies in this population are available.”
BackgroundSleep Characteristics of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder
Gruber, R. (2009) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2009.04.011 · Cited by 88
Light and chronobiology: implications for health and disease
Münch, M. Y., & Bromundt, V. (2012) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2012.14.4/mmuench · Cited by 84
Khoshbakht, Y., Bidaki, R., & Salehi‐Abargouei, A. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmx002 · Cited by 81
Clinical correlates of chronotypes in young persons with mental disorders
Fares, S., Hermens, D. F., Naismith, S. L., White, D., Hickie, I. B., & Robillard, R. (2015) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2015.1078346 · Cited by 79
“Importantly, treatments targeting the circadian system, such as sleep rescheduling, light or melatonergic agents, have been shown to induce mood improvements and a shift towards more morningness (Corruble et al., 2014; Rybak et al., 2006).”
BackgroundDark therapy for bipolar disorder using amber lenses for blue light blockade
Phelps, J. R. (2007) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.05.026 · Cited by 75
“An open trial of light therapy for ADHD found similar results in 29 adults [16].”
ResultCircadian Preference Is Associated With Emotional and Affective Temperaments
Ottoni, G. L., Antoniolli, E., & Lara, D. R. (2012) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.679329 · Cited by 74
“, 2007), and morning bright light therapy is useful to induce a circadian phase advancement and improvement of core ADHD symptoms (Rybak et al., 2006).”
BackgroundCircadian rhythms and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The what, the when and the why
Coogan, A. N., Baird, A. L., Popa‐Wagner, A., & Thome, J. (2016) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.01.006 · Cited by 78
“Rybak et al. (2006) report that light therapy is associated with improvement in ADHD scores in adults, and that associated phase advances were the most significant predictor of clinical improvements.”
Chronobiological Therapy for Mood Disorders
Dallaspezia, S., Suzuki, M., & Benedetti, F. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0633-6 · Cited by 69
Corkum, P. V., Davidson, F., & MacPherson, M. (2011) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2011.03.004 · Cited by 71
Lecendreux, M., & Cortese, S. (2007) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.7.12.1799 · Cited by 58
Outdoor daylight exposure and longer sleep promote wellbeing under COVID‐19 mandated restrictions
Korman, M., Tkachev, V., Reis, C., Komada, Y., Kitamura, S., Gubin, D. G., Kumar, V., & Roenneberg, T. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13471 · Cited by 57
“Morning light can compensate for cognitive deficits, e.g. attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder in adults (Korman, Palm, et al., 2020; Rybak et al., 2006).”
BackgroundIncreased sensitivity to the disinhibiting effects of alcohol in adults with ADHD.
Weafer, J. J., Fillmore, M. T., & Milich, R. S. (2009) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0015418 · Cited by 66
Arns, M., Kooij, J. J. S., & Coogan, A. N. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.12.035 · Cited by 60
“In children with ADHD, although chronotype differences have not been reported compared with controls, later chronotype in children with ADHD was more associated with sleep problems,(61) and the normalization of delayed sleep onset resulted in normalized inattention.(62,63) Later”
Backgroundvan Andel, E., Bijlenga, D., Vogel, S. W. N., Beekman, A. T. F., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2020) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1835943 · Cited by 61
Chronotherapeutics and psychiatry: Setting the clock to relieve the symptoms
Coogan, A. N., & Thome, J. (2011) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.598389 · Cited by 53
Soler, J. E., Robison, A. J., Núñez, A. A., & Yan, L. (2017) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22822 · Cited by 71
“4 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, who show improvement in measures of both attention and executive function (Rybak et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMayer, J. S., Hees, K., Medda, J., Grimm, O., Asherson, P., Bellina, M., Colla, M., Ibáñez, P., Koch, E., Martinez-Nicolas, A., et al. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2426-1 · Cited by 48
“One open-label trial also examined the potential of BLT on improving co-morbid depressive symptoms [75].”
BackgroundUm, Y. H., Hong, S., & Jeong, J. (2017) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2017.15.1.9 · Cited by 54
(2017) · PubMed · Cited by 51
Human CRY1 variants associate with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Onat, O. E., Kars, M. E., Gül, Ş., Bilguvar, K., Wu, Y., Özhan, A., Aydın, C., Başak, A. N., Trusso, M. A., Goracci, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci135500 · Cited by 47
“Exclusion criteria were autism, epilepsy, intellectual disability, psychosis/schizophrenia, ADHD symptoms due to personality disorders, adoption, sexual or phys(25, 26) or high solar intensity (27) as a controlled intervention for circadian rhythm sleep problems as well as ADHD.”
BackgroundJernelöv, S., Larsson, Y., Llenas, M., Nasri, B., & Kaldo, V. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2216-2 · Cited by 53
The Relationship between Serum Vitamin D Level and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
Sharif, M. R., Madani, M., Tabatabaei, F., & Tabatabaee, Z. (2015) · Iranian journal of child neurology. · doi:10.22037/ijcn.v9i4.7375 · Cited by 42
“Phototherapy and sunray have been used as a treatment (33, 34).”
MethodADHD 24/7: Circadian clock genes, chronotherapy and sleep/wake cycle insufficiencies in ADHD
Korman, M., Palm, D., Uzoni, A., Faltraco, F., Tucha, O. M., Thome, J., & Coogan, A. N. (2018) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2018.1523565 · Cited by 43
“ADHD (Rybak et al. 2006) used a full-spectrum fluorescent light box, which emitted 10,000 lux, for half an hour each morning, showed that morning BL therapy did help alleviate subjective reports of deficits in maintaining effort and arousal, while improving problems with inattention.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExcessive Daytime Sleepiness in Patients With ADHD—Diagnostic and Management Strategies
Bioulac, S., Micoulaud‐Franchi, J., & Philip, P. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0608-7 · Cited by 45
Gagné, A.-M., Lévesque, F., Gagné, P., & Hébert, M. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.11.009 · Cited by 35
“, 2008), Parkinson disease (Willis and Turner, 2007), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Rybak et al., 2006) and even in Alzheimer patients with severely impaired rest–activity rhythms (Dowling et al.”
BackgroundCircadian Clocks in the Regulation of Neurotransmitter Systems
Kiehn, J., Faltraco, F., Palm, D., Thome, J., & Oster, H. (2019) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/a-1027-7055 · Cited by 36
Nonmedication treatments for adult ADHD: Evaluating impact on daily functioning and well-being.
Ramsay, J. R. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12056-000 · Cited by 33
Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders
Zalai, D., Gladanac, B., & Shapiro, C. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54836-9_11 · Cited by 33
Bais, B., Kamperman, A. M., van der Zwaag, M. D., Dieleman, G. C., Harmsen van der Vliet-Torij, H. W., Bijma, H. H., Lieverse, R., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., & Lambregtse-van den Berg, M. P. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1092-2 · Cited by 28
“The effects of BLT have not only been consistently shown on SAD [16–19], but also on other diseases, such as non-seasonal depression [17], adult attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder [20] and bulimia nervosa [21, 22].”
BackgroundHow Does Light Regulate Mood and Behavioral State?
Milosavljevic, N. (2019) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep1030027 · Cited by 32
“Cognitive improvement under light therapy has been noted in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [94].”
BackgroundManaging Sleep in Adults with ADHD: From Science to Pragmatic Approaches
Surman, C. B. H., & Walsh, D. M. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11101361 · Cited by 32
“(2006) [29] N = 29 DSM ADHD by Conner’s and Wender Utah Scales (14 females) 41% had major depression, 13% had seasonal affective disorder; 7 subjects taking psychostimulants only, 4 taking antidepressants only, 4 taking both BLT, 3 weeks after 1 week baseline Open treatment Brown Adult ADD Scale Conners’ Adult ADD Sca…”
BackgroundMethodChamp, R. E., Adamou, M., & Tolchard, B. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261247 · Cited by 36
“Treatment outcomes are improved sleep and improved ability to maintain effort, arousal and attention [260, 262].”
InfluentialADHD, circadian rhythms and seasonality
Wynchank, D., Bijlenga, D., Lamers, F., Bron, T. I., Winthorst, W. H., Vogel, S. W. N., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Beekman, A. T. F., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.018 · Cited by 30
The circadian system: A neglected player in neurodevelopmental disorders
Bouteldja, A. A., Penichet, D., Srivastava, L. K., & Cermakian, N. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16423 · Cited by 25
“However, BLT can both phase-advance the rhythms of adults with ADHD and significantly improve their symptoms and neuro-physiological abilities, as assessed by validated questionnaires and battery tests (Fargason et al., 2017; Rybak et al., 2006).”
Personalized Medicine in ADHD and Depression: Use of Pharmaco-EEG
Arns, M., & Olbrich, S. (2014) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2014_295 · Cited by 25
“bright light (Rybak et al. 2006) and sustained melatonin treatment (Hoebert et al.”
BackgroundGiannotta, G., Ruggiero, M., & Trabacca, A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13247737 · Cited by 22
Schwartz, R. S., & Olds, J. (2015) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000078 · Cited by 21
“An open trial of bright light therapy in adult ADHD had positive results.(36) And a recent pilot study found”
BackgroundHelfer, B., Bozhilova, N. S., Cooper, R. E., Douzenis, J. I., Maltezos, S., & Asherson, P. J. (2020) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.28 · Cited by 23
“This might also explain why morning bright light therapy seems to be promising inADHDresulting in phase advance in circadian preference and reduction of symptoms [70].”
ADHD , chronotype, and circadian preference in a multi‐site sample of college students
Becker, S. P., Luebbe, A. M., Kofler, M. J., Burns, G. L., & Jarrett, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13994 · Cited by 22
“In addition, there is some indication that college students with ADHD have poorer cognitive performance when completing tasks at times that are desyn-chronous with their circadian phase (Gabay et al., 2022 for confirmation in a larger, randomized trial (Rybak et al., 2006).”
BackgroundBecker, S. P., Brown, A., Langberg, J. M., & Beebe, D. W. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14030 · Cited by 22
Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire
Shahid, A., Wilkinson, K., Marcu, S., et al. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9893-4_54 · Cited by 18
van Andel, E., Bijlenga, D., Vogel, S. W. N., Beekman, A. T. F., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2022) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304221124659 · Cited by 23
“Two small studies suggested that BLT could advance the rhythm and reduce ADHD symptoms even in study populations that did not exclusively consist of people with a delayed sleep phase (Fargason et al., 2017; Rybak et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSevere mood dysregulation: In the “light” of circadian functioning
Heiler, S., Legenbauer, T., Bogen, T., Jensch, T., & Holtmann, M. H. (2011) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.07.019 · Cited by 17
ADHD as a circadian rhythm disorder: evidence and implications for chronotherapy
Luu, B., & Fabiano, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1697900 · Cited by 17
“Emerging research indicates that morning bright light can help stabilize sleep and circadian rhythms in ADHD (14, 18, 19).”
Costello, A., Linning-Duffy, K., Vandenbrook, C., Lonstein, J. S., & Yan, L. (2023) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2023.2249015 · Cited by 15
Bogen, S., Legenbauer, T., Bogen, T., Gest, S., Jensch, T., Schneider, S., & Holtmann, M. H. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-178 · Cited by 17
“Preliminary evidence indicates that light therapy has a positive influence on behavior, irritability and attention parameters [25-27].”
Backgroundvan Andel, E., ten Have, M., Bijlenga, D., Beekman, A. T. F., de Graaf, R., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720001592 · Cited by 16
Fargason, R., Gamble, K. L., Preston, T. C., Hammond, E., & May, M. (2013) · ChronoPhysiology and Therapy · doi:10.2147/cpt.s37985 · Cited by 16
“13 Despite the positive results of that study, it has not been replicated with objective measures of circadian phase.”
Bright light treatment for high-anxious young adults: a randomized controlled pilot study
Youngstedt, S. D., Kline, C. E., Ginsberg, J. P., Zielinski, M. R., & Hardin, J. W. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20784 · Cited by 14
“[46] Moreover, there is compelling evidence that bright light has similar efficacy for nonseasonal depression,[47] and accumulating evidence indicating that bright light may have many other psychological benefits, including enhancements in alertness, vitality,[13] and cognitive function and reductions in fatigue,[48]…”
BackgroundMiller, M. C., Pan, X. J., Arnold, L. E., Mulligan, A., Connor, S., Bergman, R., DeBeus, R. J., & Roley‐Roberts, M. E. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108099 · Cited by 12
Korman, M., Levy, I., & Karni, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00140 · Cited by 12
“suggested that a substantial circadian phase delay considerably impacts the core pathology of the ADHD (72).”
BackgroundHome Indoor Environmental Quality and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Alizadeh, S., Bridge, C. E., Judd, B., & Eapen, V. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15042899 · Cited by 16
“Morning light therapy improves circadian rhythm sleep disorders and shifts sleep toward an earlier circadian timing [74].”
BackgroundLeg Movement Activity During Sleep in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Garbazza, C., Sauter, C., Paul, J., Kollek, J., Dujardin, C., Hackethal, S., Dorn, H., Peter, A., Hansen, M., Manconi, M., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00179 · Cited by 11
“This in turn, has been linked, by some authors, to an increased prevalence of sleep onset insomnia due to a delayed dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) in these patients (16, 60, 61) and encouraged some successful chronotherapeutic approaches with melatonin (62–64) and bright light therapy (65).”
BackgroundThe potential role of clock genes in children attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Wang, Y., Peng, S., Liu, T., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Li, X., Wenfeng, T., & Shi, Y. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.02.021 · Cited by 12
Bogen, S., Legenbauer, T., Gest, S., & Holtmann, M. H. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000442 · Cited by 10
Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity, and Sleep Disorders
Chervin, R. D. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7216-9458-0.50017-9 · Cited by 11
Ramelteon for Insomnia Related to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Fargason, R. E., Gamble, K. L., Avis, K. T., Besing, R. C., Jackson, C. W., Cates, M. E., & May, R. (2025) · Psychopharmacology Bulletin · doi:10.64719/pb.4063 · Cited by 11
Lok, R., Deshpande, N. R., Nair, S., Andrillon, T., Gatera, G., Hill, C. M., Cortese, S., & Chellappa, S. L. (2025) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(25)00211-1 · Cited by 14
Subhadeep, D., Srikumar, B. N., Rao, B. S. S., & Kutty, B. M. (2021) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02409-7 · Cited by 9
Tarakçıoğlu, M. C., Kadak, M. T., Gürbüz, G. A., Poyraz, B. Ç., Erdoğan, F., & Aksoy, U. M. (2017) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.5152/npa.2017.18168 · Cited by 9
“In adult ADHD, the severity of symptoms was correlated with eveningness, and light therapy ameliorated scores of neuropsychological scales (8, 41).”
BackgroundTarakçıoğlu, M. C., Kadak, M. T., Gürbüz, G. A., Poyraz, B. Ç., Erdoğan, F., & Aksoy, U. M. (2017) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.29399/npa.18168 · Cited by 15
Research methods and progress of human factors in architectural lighting
Zhang, X., Tang, B., Chen, X., & Dong, Y. (2022) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2022-0144 · Cited by 9
Langevin, R., & Ramdé, J. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 7
ADHD symptoms in adults with delayed sleep phase disorder
Snitselaar, M. A., Smits, M. G., & Spijker, J. (2018) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-018-0188-0 · Cited by 7
The Role of the Circadian System in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Bondopadhyay, U., Díaz-Orueta, U., & Coogan, A. N. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81147-1_7 · Cited by 7
Luo, H., Cheng, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Hu, R., Li, J., Guo, Y., & Luo, Q. (2024) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2024.2337875 · Cited by 7
“In a case-control study utilizing data from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), individuals with ADHD symptoms exhibited higher percentages of SAD (9.9% vs. 3.3”
BackgroundInfluentialTipología circadiana y problemas de salud mental
Antúnez, J. M., Navarro, J. F., & Adán, A. (2014) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.30.3.168901 · Cited by 9
Bright light exposure advances consolidation of motor skill accuracy in humans
Yoshiike, T., Honma, M., Ikeda, H., & Kuriyama, K. (2019) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107084 · Cited by 6
Niederhofer, H. (2013) · Neuroscience & Medicine · doi:10.4236/nm.2013.43024 · Cited by 6
“One open trial, including adults suffering from ADHD [5] suggests that it might be also effective in wintertime and for ADHD, at least as additional therapy.”
BackgroundComplementary and alternative treatments for pediatric and adult ADHD
Lofthouse, N., Hurt, E. A., & Arnold, L. E. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139035491.025 · Cited by 4
Sleep, Melatonin, and Circadian Rhythmicity in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Snitselaar, M. A., & Smits, M. G. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-0825-9_27 · Cited by 4
Sleep Disturbances in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Cortese, S., & Lecendreux, M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00141-0 · Cited by 5
Boso, M., Comelli, M., Emanuele, E., Podavini, F., Marini, M., Mancini, L., Nemi, S. U. D., Barale, F., & Politi, P. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 4
Sleep and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Dimakos, J., Giorgio, L.-M., & Gruber, R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-0123-1_25 · Cited by 4
Kooij, J. J. S. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4138-9_2 · Cited by 3
Sleepiness and Fatigue in Patients with Psychiatric Disorders
Hagen, C. C., & Black, J. E. (2008) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2008.01.013 · Cited by 4
Silk, T. J. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814180-9.00013-2 · Cited by 4
Arns, M., van der Heijden, K. B., Arnold, L. E., & Kenemans, J. L. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.033 · Cited by 3
Dick, M., Lackner, H. K., Weiss, E. M., & Canazei, M. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/1422406 · Cited by 3
“…in conditions such as perinatal depression [38], bipolar disorder [33, 39, 40], eating disorders [41], dementia [42, 43], borderline personality disorder [44], schizophrenia [45], combat-related PTSD [46], ADHD [47], cancer-related fatigue [48], poststroke insomnia [49], and burnout symptoms [50].”
Chaufton, C., & Bioulac, S. (2015) · Médecine du Sommeil · doi:10.1016/j.msom.2015.07.002 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Rybak, Y. E., McNeely, H. E., Mackenzie, B. E., Jain, U. R., & Levitan, R. D.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2006-10-15
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1527-1535
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2038570276
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 2.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, bright light therapy, chronobiology, circadian preference, phase advance, seasonal affective disorder, depression, mood symptoms, sleep-wake cycle, adjunctive therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Phototherapy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Seasons, Sleep Wake Disorders, Comorbidity, Seasonal Affective Disorder, Treatment Outcome, Patient Satisfaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
