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Social Role Theory
Abstract
What causes sex differences and similarities in behavior? At the core of our account are societal stereotypes about gender. These stereotypes, or gender role beliefs, form as people observe male and female behavior and infer that the sexes possess corresponding dispositions. For example, in industrialized ...
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“The findings regarding perceived intelligence suggest that there exists a stronger gender bias than the attractiveness halo effect [87,88] and underscores deeper cultural attitudes and stereotypes surrounding gender roles and expectations [89].”
From What is beautiful is still good: the attractiveness halo effect in the era of beauty filters (2024) · cites this paper as [89]
In the citing paper
“According to role theory47,48, occupying the role of an editor will also implicitly set expectations about the behaviours the role entails.”
From Establishing the importance of co-creation and self-efficacy in creative collaboration with artificial intelligence (2024) · cites this paper as [48]
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Khosa, D. (2022) · International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) · doi:10.20525/ijrbs.v11i7.2018 · Cited by 5
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“Closer integration with psychological theory such as those related to attachment (Pozharliev et al., 2021), social roles (Eagly & Wood, 2012), or meaningfulness (Wong, 2013) is important as robot research continues to be applied to more complex human situations, including companionship (Broadbent,…”
BackgroundEffect of deliberation style on the gender gap in deliberative participation
Levy, H. I., & Sakaiya, S. (2020) · Japanese Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s1468109920000055 · Cited by 5
Detel, S., & Elprana, G. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55080-5_20 · Cited by 5
Reich, A., Lifshitz, H., Shnitzer‐Meirovich, S., & Gur, A. (2025) · Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities · doi:10.1177/15407969251316501 · Cited by 5
“Therefore, people tend to behave as expected by society, and women and men take on traditional gender roles (Biddle, 1986; Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
Kinahan, M., Bosak, J., & Eagly, A. H. (2025) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12868 · Cited by 5
“These expectations are both descriptive and prescriptive, thus indicating not only what women and men are like but also what they should be like (Eagly & Wood, 2012; Prentice & Carranza, 2002).”
Self-citationRewards and Costs of Being a Mother: Motherhood and Women's Mental Health in China
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BackgroundSalwender, M., & Stahlberg, D. (2024) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3109 · Cited by 2
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Fan, L., & Ryu, S. (2024) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-024-09996-2 · Cited by 4
“…such as the cooperative bargaining models, collective household models, spousal commitment models, and gender identity and social role theory (Apps & Rees, 2007; Chiappori, 1988, 1992; Chiappori & Mazzocco, 2017; Eagly & Wood, 2012; Kim et al., 2017; Mader & Schneebaum 2013; Ryu & Kim, 2021).”
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Hernández-Pérez, M., Hernández-Castellano, P. M., Sánchez, J. A. A., & Quevedo, E. (2024) · IEEE Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologias del Aprendizaje · doi:10.1109/rita.2024.3499337 · Cited by 5
“Similarly, gender role identity theory emphasizes that female role models broaden the range of aspirational roles for girls, reducing dissonance between their gender identity and their potential career development in traditionally male fields [36].”
Kim, S., Kantamneni, N., Ridzuan, N. H. A., & Miramonti, A. A. (2024) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/10690727241307957 · Cited by 6
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Park, C., & Harris, V. W. (2025) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2025.2469171 · Cited by 5
“This curious finding might be related to cultural aspects in our traditional society, as explained by the aforementioned social role theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
Yun, Z., Zhao, F., & Mayer, R. E. (2025) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.70052 · Cited by 6
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Kaymaz, Ç., Yükçü, Ş. B., TOK, A. İ., et al. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08602-4 · Cited by 4
Tsfati, M. (2022) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2022.2088397 · Cited by 4
“Accordingly, the mothers’ practices of affection, nurturance and caring are based on traditional cultural expectations of Israeli women’s social roles and on their social interactions with their children and in the social arena (Devor, 2003; Eagly, 1987; Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
BackgroundGender stereotypes and voice assistants: do users’ gender and conversation topic matter?
Dogruel, L., & Joeckel, S. (2023) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2235021 · Cited by 9
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Segovia, A. O., & Recuero, L. H. (2023) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12948 · Cited by 7
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Read, C. E., Tracz, J. A., Mhaimeed, N., Mainville, R. N., & Elzie, C. A. (2023) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04677-4 · Cited by 4
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BackgroundDoes Gender Explain the Indebtedness Levels of Local Governments?
Cuadrado‐Ballesteros, B., Ríos, A. M., & Guillamón, M. (2023) · Public Performance & Management Review · doi:10.1080/15309576.2023.2269398 · Cited by 4
“These gender differences may be explained by the existence of gender stereotypes, as the social role theory proposes (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
BackgroundPrati, G., & Stefani, S. (2023) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12588 · Cited by 4
Gleason, S. A. (2023) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x23000594 · Cited by 4
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Jung, H., Chen, Y., Frandell, A., & Welch, E. W. (2024) · Review of Public Personnel Administration · doi:10.1177/0734371x241237562 · Cited by 8
“…as being controlling, dominant, being assertive, while women are generally stereotyped as helpful, communal, and nurturing; these stereotypes have been internalized by society, and applied to individuals and careers structures (e.g., women as housewives and men as jobholders) (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
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Zhong, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, C., Liu, J., Wang, H., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae260 · Cited by 4
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Guo, F., Zhang, L., & Xie, W. (2024) · International Journal of Chinese Education · doi:10.1177/2212585x241282727 · Cited by 4
“Men were socially shaped as assertive, independent, and resilient, whereas women were seen as nurturing, compliant, and tender, emphasizing interpersonal relationships (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
Ayanaw, G., & Alewond, A. (2024) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101149 · Cited by 4
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“Social role theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012) may offer the best explanation for why, despite performing as well as males in mathematics, females feel less efficacious and are less likely to identify as proficient in it.”
Saumer, M., Maikovska, K., Neureiter, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2024.2433760 · Cited by 4
“This aligns with gender norm theories such as the social role theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012), which links societal expectations to gender stereotypes.”
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Antoniadou, N., & Kokkinos, C. M. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07314-z · Cited by 4
“The observed gender differences may stem from underlying socialization processes, where males are often encouraged to exhibit dominance and aggression (e.g., Chaplin, 2015; Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
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“Social role theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012) contends individuals maintain traditional gender roles because of community and societal expectations.”
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Mehmet, K. O. C. A. (2020) · Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute · doi:10.30794/pausbed.648399 · Cited by 4
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Liebenow, H. A., Boucher, K. L., & Cassidy, B. S. (2022) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843221104383 · Cited by 7
“Linked with the traditional female gender role (Eagly & Wood, 2012), both men and women perceive women (relative to men) as having more communal traits (e.g., warm) reflecting a relationship orientation (Eagly et al., 2020; Eagly & Karau, 2002; Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
BackgroundAday, A. E., Schmader, T., & Ryan, M. K. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231202268 · Cited by 6
“Those scripts and stereotypes might have first developed historically in light of physical differences between men and women (e.g., in size and strength, reproductive characteristics) that constrained gender roles (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
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Al-Taie, M. Z. (2023) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2023.2283927 · Cited by 4
“This theory suggests that people form perceptions or beliefs about gender based on its attributes and observed behavior, and they deduce that each gender possess corresponding dispositions (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
BackgroundGender, Sexism, and Contempt in Candidate Evaluation
Ditonto, T., & Mattes, K. (2024) · Journal of Women Politics & Policy · doi:10.1080/1554477x.2024.2300934 · Cited by 6
“In particular, women should be communal (compassionate, nurturing, and focused on caregiving) and should not be agentic (ambitious, aggressive or demanding; Eagly and Wood 2012; Prentice and Carranza 2002; Rosette et al. 2016; Rudman and Glick 2001).”
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“Consistent with social dominance theory (for example, Sidanius and Pratto 1999, 2012) and social role theory (Eagly 1987, 1996; Eagly and Wood 2012), men maintain dominance over women.”
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“The social role theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012) and the social integration perspective (Berkman & Glass, 2000) can help understand the role of gender and marital status in the associations between leisure activities and cognitive functioning in later life.”
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“According to social role theory (Eagly, 1987; Eagly & Wood, 2012), stereotypic beliefs about the attributes of men and women pair men with agentic-masculine traits (e.g., adventurous, ambitious, competitive, coura-geous, daring, decisive, self-reliant, and willing to take risks) and women with…”
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“Social Role Theory (Eagly and Wood, 2012) provides understanding of how gendered socialization shapes leadership expectations and career trajectories.”
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“According to social role theory, gender differences in behavior and psychological orientation originate from the historical division of labor between men and women (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
Karabatak, S., Alanoğlu, M., & Aslan, S. (2025) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70362 · Cited by 3
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“Gender roles are constructed through a combination of observations of gendered behaviour and physical differences, ultimately determining how individuals are expected to behave in various social contexts (Eagly and Wood 2012).”
Hamdy, A., Gao, X., AlMansoori, S., Eid, R., & Agag, G. (2026) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.70362 · Cited by 4
Zhou, T., Chen, J., & Li, L. (2013) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2013.411124 · Cited by 3
Flaxman, J. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1086688 · Cited by 3
“Likewise, women, and not men, were at the time seen to “naturally” possess caretaking or “communal” traits such as soothing and smoothing (Eagly, 1987; Eagly and Johnson, 1990; Eagly and Karau, 2002; Eagly and Wood, 2012; Weiner and Burton, 2016).”
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Gasparetto, T. M., Dietl, H., Nesseler, C., & Artime, C. M. (2023) · Managing Sport and Leisure · doi:10.1080/23750472.2023.2235363 · Cited by 3
“There are expectations about the roles that men and women play in society according to social role theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
Gaines, S. O. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197687635.001.0001 · Cited by 3
Effects of Attractiveness and Occupation Type on Attitudes toward Working Women and Men
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“That is, the participants did not evaluate women worse when they were applying for occupations that challenge traditional gender roles, as predicted by social role theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012), but instead, they awarded women with judgments of higher competence.”
BackgroundParenting Skills as The Closest Teacher to Early Childhood at Home
Amin, A. A., & Eliasa, E. I. (2023) · JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini · doi:10.21009/jpud.172.09 · Cited by 4
Canlas, I. P., Ceblano, M. V., Gayrama, V. P., & Panit, N. M. (2024) · Gender Technology and Development · doi:10.1080/09718524.2023.2270798 · Cited by 3
“Through the years, a number of theories on gender have been proposed by scholars, such as Social Cognitive Theory (Bussey & Bandura, 1999), Cognitive Developmental Theory (Kohlberg, 1966; Ruble et al., 2007), Gender Schema Theory (Bem, 1981), Social Role Theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012), and Queer Theory (de Lauretis, 1991…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPhillips, M. J. (2024) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-024-00863-3 · Cited by 6
“A second theory shedding light on this phenomenon is Eagly’s social role theory (Eagly and Wood 2012).”
Stertz, A. M., & Wiese, B. S. (2024) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-024-01474-1 · Cited by 3
“Adopting a social role theory perspective (Eagly, 1987; Eagly & Wood, 2012), we conceptualize traditional attitudes toward women’s parental role as beliefs that women should be the main caregiver of children, that caretaking is their most important responsibility, and that women’s place is in the…”
Rudaz, M., Johnston, T., & Fincham, F. D. (2024) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.13087 · Cited by 3
“With the idea of social roles in mind (Eagly & Wood, 2012), it is known that household responsibilities and division of labor between women and men vary despite the greater gender equality that exists today (Sullivan, 2018).”
Zhang, Y., Liu, F., & Hsieh, C. (2024) · Chinese Public Administration Review · doi:10.1177/15396754241276942 · Cited by 3
“According to the Social Role Theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012), individuals strive to conform to the societal expectations of roles to attain recognition and acceptance.”
Gender and Professional Identities in Businesswomen’s Negotiation
Cheng, C., Lim, A. J. Y., Tan, Y. W., & Lee, F. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241287422 · Cited by 3
“…is associated with agentic traits (assertive, competitive, and ambitious) and female gender role is associated with communal traits (warm, caring, and interpersonal-oriented) (Costa Jr., Terracciano, & McCrae, 2001; Eagly & Karau, 2002; Eagly & Wood, 2012; Mazei et al., 2015; Wood & Eagly, 2002).”
Echebiri, C. K., Echebiri, C. K., Mathibe, M. S., et al. (2024) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.13220 · Cited by 3
Gerçek, M. (2024) · Sakarya Üniversitesi Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.61158/saukad.1495548 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Venue
- Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications Ltd
- Published
- 2012-10-11
- Pages
- 458-476
- OpenAlex
- W2421935140
- Cited by
- 1,853
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 387 · 2025: 386 · 2024: 248 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 136 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 93.43
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- social role theory, sex differences in behavior, gender stereotypes, gender role beliefs, gender socialization, gender roles, industrial society
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