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Social Role Theory
Abstract
What causes sex differences and similarities in behavior? At the core of our account are societal stereotypes about gender. These stereotypes, or gender role beliefs, form as people observe male and female behavior and infer that the sexes possess corresponding dispositions. For example, in industrialized ...
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“The findings regarding perceived intelligence suggest that there exists a stronger gender bias than the attractiveness halo effect [87,88] and underscores deeper cultural attitudes and stereotypes surrounding gender roles and expectations [89].”
From What is beautiful is still good: the attractiveness halo effect in the era of beauty filters (2024) · cites this paper as [89]
In the citing paper
“According to role theory47,48, occupying the role of an editor will also implicitly set expectations about the behaviours the role entails.”
From Establishing the importance of co-creation and self-efficacy in creative collaboration with artificial intelligence (2024) · cites this paper as [48]
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“Men are generally thought to be more assertive, competitive, and dominant (agentic), whereas women are expected to be more friendly, emotional, and unselfish (communal; see Eagly & Wood, 2012; Mattan & Small, 2021; Paustian‐Underdahl et al., 2014).”
ATILGAN, H. (2026) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-026-02724-0 · Cited by 2
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InfluentialMullins, E. R., & Karantzas, G. C. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407519827643 · Cited by 2
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Yasin, S. A. (2022) · Forman Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.32368/fjss.20220111 · Cited by 2
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hanryeo, L., & Hong, S. (2022) · International Sociology · doi:10.1177/02685809221141010 · Cited by 2
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Almaghlouth, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1042621 · Cited by 2
“This signifies the constructionist take on gender while still adhering to biological determinism (Wood and Eagly, 2012).”
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Yerimpasheva, A. T., Lipovka, A. V., & Zakirova, А. А. (2023) · Eurasian Journal of Economic and Business Studies · doi:10.47703/ejebs.v1i67.210 · Cited by 2
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Chowdhuri, P. D., Kundu, K., & Meyur, S. (2023) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-220047 · Cited by 2
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Financial Health of Local Governments: A Gender Approach
Guillamón, M., Ríos, A. M., & Cuadrado‐Ballesteros, B. (2023) · Social Politics International Studies in Gender State & Society · doi:10.1093/sp/jxad017 · Cited by 2
“Considering the gender stereotypes proposed by the social role theory (Eagly and Wood 2012), it could be expected that the personal characteristics of female councilors cause LGs to behave more responsibly and promote actions that improve the financial situations of their municipalities.”
BackgroundInfluentialKaua, C. G., & Gitonga, T. M. (2023) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-023-00754-z · Cited by 2
“In conformance to these expectations, males developed traits that manifest agency and are assumed to align with leadership roles while females developed traits that manifest communal or expressive behavior (Eagly and Wood 2012).”
MethodMandal, E. (2023) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp/171607 · Cited by 2
“Establishing and maintaining good social relations constitutes a stereotypically female social role and is fundamental for women’s self-esteem (Eagly & Wood, 2012; Josephs et al., 1992).”
BackgroundStorying the Gap: Women’s Leadership Literacies
Flaxman, J. R. (2023) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/01614681231206709 · Cited by 2
“Similarly, women, and not men, were at the time seen to possess caretaking or “communal” traits such as soothing, smoothing, and connecting (Burton & Weiner, 2016; Eagly & Karau, 2002; Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
BackgroundGender Biases in Attributions of Creativity Across Domains
Taylor, C. L., & Barbot, B. (2023) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2023.2285546 · Cited by 2
“Social role theory (Eagly, 1987) suggests that stereotypic beliefs about the attributes of men and women may be summarized along the dimensions of agentic vs. communal traits (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
Zhang, L. R., & Chen, W. (2023) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.13092 · Cited by 5
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“Women are expected to fill the caretaking roles (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
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Decadri, S., & Negri, F. (2024) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2024.2312883 · Cited by 2
“To investigate whether the online political arena reproduces the same gaps and biases female politicians endure offline, we take our leap from the so-called “social role theory of sex differences and similarities” (from now on, social role theory) (Eagly, 1987; Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
Carbon Performance and Board Gender Diversity: The Moderating Effect of Patriarchal Attitudes
Corral, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52656-5_17 · Cited by 2
Gerçek, M. (2024) · Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi · doi:10.17550/akademikincelemeler.1411420 · Cited by 2
“(Eagly & Wood, 2012) 3”
Vara-Horna, A., Giraldo-Mejia, W., Guzmán-Melgar, C. C., Otiniano, M. Q., Navarro-Viacava, M., & Delgado-Zegarra, J. (2024) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012241251970 · Cited by 3
“These results are consistent with gender socialization theory (Eagly & Wood, 1999, 2012).”
Zhang, L.-L., Dou, J.-H., Sun, L., et al. (2024) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00266-024-04028-8 · Cited by 2
“According to social role theory [112], women and men are required to follow their respective norms, gender norms, and stereotypes.”
(Re)conceptualizing Sex and Gender in Physical Education Through Social Role Theory
Moss, A. C., & Chen, A. (2024) · Quest · doi:10.1080/00336297.2024.2351834 · Cited by 4
“For centuries, the stereotypes specify how we are supposed to behave, dress, speak, perceive the world, and express ourselves (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
InfluentialErfani, A., Mansoori, A., & Khan, S. (2024) · ASCE International Conference on Transportation and Development (ICTD) · doi:10.1061/9780784485521.040 · Cited by 2
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“Regarding this, cultural theories: patriarchy theory [33, 34], Social Role Theory (SRT) [35–37], Socialization Model (SM) [38], and educational/development theories: Human Capital Theory (HCT) [39, 40], and Enlightenment Model [10] are very popular and appropriate for methodological guidelines.”
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“Social role theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012) posits that men and women behave differently and occupy different roles in society because of complex biosocial processes that distribute them into different social roles.”
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Shiri, I., Hitman, G., & Lewin, E. (2024) · Journal of Asian and African Studies · doi:10.1177/00219096241295646 · Cited by 3
“Gender role orientation, as a prominent theory in social psychology (Eagly and Sczesny, 2019; Eagly and Wood, 2012), encompasses items reflecting views on women’s societal roles, such as preferences for women’s roles in the workplace and at home.”
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Tan, M. G., Wider, W., Pang, N. T. P., Lasimbang, H. B., Shoesmith, W. D., Tangau, C. R. M., Jiang, L., & Bhutasang, N. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0309378 · Cited by 2
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“It allows detailed examination of experience and the meanings seek objective truths, phenomenology acknowledges the role of subjectivity and personal knowledge in shaping experience (Creswell, 2015).”
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“In the context of our study, Social Role Theory helps explain how gender-emotion stereotypes— such as the expectation that women are more likely to express fear, whereas men are expected to appear fearless— are internalized from an early age.”
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Almukhambetova, A. (2024) · European Education · doi:10.1080/10564934.2024.2446204 · Cited by 2
“The gender socialization and social role theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012) explains how individuals learn to comply with a regime of gendered norms through a lifetime of interactions.”
Urmila, M. S., Rajasekharan Pillai, K., Mukesh, H. V., & Prabhu, N. K. P. (2025) · Industrial and Commercial Training · doi:10.1108/ict-08-2024-0084 · Cited by 5
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“First, it should be noted that, among the four insignificant results, three of social role theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
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“Social role theory examines how societal expectations and norms influence individuals’ behaviors and decisions [10].”
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“According to social role theory, gender stereotypes are central to understanding behavioral differences and similarities between men and women (Eagly and Wood 2012).”
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“…stipulate that women should play the role of gatekeeper in sexuality (Wiederman, 2005), and when individuals comply with the roles and scripts that society dictates they should follow, they are more likely to receive positive responses or evaluations (Eagly & Wood, 2012; Eagly et al., 2000).”
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“One important representative of such an approach is Social Role Theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
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“…that can moderate the effectiveness of self-compassion in enhancing self-control capacity, we acknowledge that different genders may be influenced by varying societal expectations and norms around coping with stressors (Eagly and Wood, 2012) resulting in differential benefits from self-compassion.”
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“The theory of social roles states that the two genders obey the rules and norms associated with their social function (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
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“More specifically, it is proposed that the consistent coupling of women in caregiving positions and men in breadwinning roles causes the mistaken belief that inherently, men are better suited to the working environment whilst women are more nurturing (Eagly, 1987; Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
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Gosselin, D. C. (2021) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS · doi:10.47191/ijmra/v4-i4-04 · Cited by 1
“According to social role theory (SRT), a person’s perception and self-concept (i.e., self-efficacy) of themselves are in large part gender-stereotypical (Eagly and Wood, 2012).”
BackgroundLawson, K. M., Miller, M. J., Brown, K. L., & Woodling, C. M. (2022) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/10690727221118368 · Cited by 1
“For instance, past research has found that women in MDMs are less likely to have power and have fewer overall resources compared to their male counterparts (Eagly & Wood, 2012; Blickenstaff, 2005).”
MethodGrechanaya, A. A. (2023) · VESTNIK INSTITUTA SOTZIOLOGII · doi:10.19181/vis.2023.14.2.12 · Cited by 1
Attractiveness Differentially Affects Direct Versus Indirect Face Evaluations in Two Cultures
Cassidy, B. S., Sarıbay, S. A., Yüksel, H., & Kleisner, K. (2023) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/14747049231186119 · Cited by 1
“This pattern is also consistent with women being socialized to be more communal and interpersonally focused than are men (Eagly & Steffen, 1984; Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Venue
- Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications Ltd
- Published
- 2012-10-11
- Pages
- 458-476
- OpenAlex
- W2421935140
- Cited by
- 1,853
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 387 · 2025: 386 · 2024: 248 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 136 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 93.43
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- social role theory, sex differences in behavior, gender stereotypes, gender role beliefs, gender socialization, gender roles, industrial society
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