The DOI matches its Crossref record; 137 of the 137 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Review of the stability of biochar in soils: predictability of O:C molar ratios
Open accessAbstract
Biochar is not a structured homogeneous material; rather it possesses a range of chemical structures and a heterogeneous elemental composition. This variability is based on the conditions of pyrolysis and the biomass parent material, with biochar spanning the range of various forms of black carbon. Thereby, this variability induces a broad spectrum in the observed rates of reactivity and, correspondingly, the overall chemical and microbial stability. From evaluating the current biochar and black carbon degradation studies, there is the suggestion of an overall relationship in biochar stability as a function of the molar ratio of oxygen to carbon (O:C) in the resulting black carbon. In general, a molar ratio of O:C lower than 0.2 appears to provide, at minimum, a 1000-year biochar half-life. The O:C ratio is a function of production temperature, but also accounts for other impacts (e.g., parent material and post-production conditioning/oxidation) that are not captured solely with production temperature. Therefore, the O:C ratio could provide a more robust indicator of biochar stability than production parameters (e.g., pyrolysis temperature and biomass type) or volatile matter determinations.
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“Firstly, converting waste biomass into biochar, bio-oil, and syn-gas intrinsically stores 2.20 × 10 9 t CO2e annually, because it turns labile carbon that will be rapidly mineralized into recalcitrant carbon whose half life exceeds 1000 years (Ippolito et al. 2020; Lehmann et al. 2021; Spokas 2010).”
From Role of biochar toward carbon neutrality (2023) · cites this paper as Spokas 2010
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“The Miscanthus biochar had H/C (0.21) and O/C (0.03) molar ratios that are typical for grass feedstocks pyrolyzed at 500 to 700°C (Spokas, 2010).”
From Remediation of an acidic mine spoil: Miscanthus biochar and lime amendment affects metal availability, plant growth, and soil enzyme activity (2018) · cites this paper as Spokas, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“To have a complete graphitization, a temperature greater than 1100°C should be reached during the biochar preparation (Spokas 2010).”
From Mechanisms and adsorption capacities of biochar for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial wastewater (2021) · cites this paper as Spokas 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The electron donor and acceptor interaction mechanism is mostly applied to the adsorption of aromatic compounds on biochar presenting a graphene-like structure.”
From Mechanisms and adsorption capacities of biochar for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial wastewater (2021) · cites this paper as Spokas 2010
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Citations
Cites
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The Art, Science, and Technology of Charcoal Production
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Laird, 2008, Agron. J., 100, 178, 10.2134/agrojnl2007.0161 · DOI
- Kuhlbusch, 1998, Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 50, 353, 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1998.t01-3-00003.x · DOI
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- Steinbeiss, 2009, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 1301, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.03.016 · DOI · Paper page
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Items 1,001–1,001 of 1,001
Asare, F., Gazo, R., Mo, J., Haviarova, E., Quesada, H. J., Rahmani, S. R., Owusu, F. W., Saraugi, S. S., & Routray, W. (2027) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135686
Metadata
- Authors
- Spokas, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Agricultural Research Service (US)
- Corresponding author
- Spokas, Kurt A
- ORCID
- Spokas, Kurt A
- Venue
- Carbon Management
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 289-303
- ISSN
- 1758-3004 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-3012
- OpenAlex
- W2102398472
- Cited by
- 1,160
- References
- 137
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 35.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Carbon Management (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Keywords
- biochar stability, soil carbon, black carbon, pyrolysis temperature, microbial degradation
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