Cited by 1,160Soil Carbon and Nitrogen DynamicsThermochemical Biomass Conversion ProcessesFire effects on ecosystems

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Review of the stability of biochar in soils: predictability of O:C molar ratios

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Spokas, Kurt A·2010·Carbon Management

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Abstract

Biochar is not a structured homogeneous material; rather it possesses a range of chemical structures and a heterogeneous elemental composition. This variability is based on the conditions of pyrolysis and the biomass parent material, with biochar spanning the range of various forms of black carbon. Thereby, this variability induces a broad spectrum in the observed rates of reactivity and, correspondingly, the overall chemical and microbial stability. From evaluating the current biochar and black carbon degradation studies, there is the suggestion of an overall relationship in biochar stability as a function of the molar ratio of oxygen to carbon (O:C) in the resulting black carbon. In general, a molar ratio of O:C lower than 0.2 appears to provide, at minimum, a 1000-year biochar half-life. The O:C ratio is a function of production temperature, but also accounts for other impacts (e.g., parent material and post-production conditioning/oxidation) that are not captured solely with production temperature. Therefore, the O:C ratio could provide a more robust indicator of biochar stability than production parameters (e.g., pyrolysis temperature and biomass type) or volatile matter determinations.

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Sorted by citations

Biochar stability in soil: meta-analysis of decomposition and priming effects
Wang, J., Xiong, Z., & Kuzyakov, Y. (2016) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/gcbb.12266 · Cited by 1,316
“The molar ratio of oxygen to carbon (O:C) is a function of pyrolysis temperature, making the O:C ratio positively correlated with biochar degradation (Spokas, 2010; Crombie et al., 2013; Cross & Sohi, 2013).”
Background
Characterization of biochars to evaluate recalcitrance and agronomic performance
Enders, A., Hanley, K., Whitman, T., Joseph, S., & Lehmann, J. (2012) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.022 · Cited by 1,113
“O:C ratios were better correlated with stability than volatiles (Spokas, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Biochar: A synthesis of its agronomic impact beyond carbon sequestration
Spokas, K. A., Cantrell, K. B., Novak, J. M., Archer, D. W., Ippolito, J. A., Collins, H. P., Boateng, A. A., Lima, I. M., Lamb, M. C., McAloon, A. J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0069 · Cited by 1,014
“Th is assumption is questionable given the fact that biochar is not a singular homogeneous product and that the degradability is directly tied to the overall chemistry (Spokas, 2010), which varies greatly as a function of biochar type (Zimmerman, 2010) as well as the variability of the biochar itself (Hedges et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Biochar application to low fertility soils: A review of current status, and future prospects
El-Naggar, A., Lee, S. S., Rinklebe, J., Farooq, M., Song, H., Sarmah, A. K., Zimmerman, A. R., Ahmad, M., Shaheen, S. M., & Ok, Y. S. (2019) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.09.034 · Cited by 959
Biochar in climate change mitigation
Lehmann, J., Cowie, A., Masiello, C. A., Kammann, C., Woolf, D., Amonette, J. E., Cayuela, M. L., Camps-Arbestain, M., & Whitman, T. (2021) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00852-8 · Cited by 970
“2015) but is often estimated simply by their elemental oxygen-to-organic carbon (Spokas 2010) or hydrogen-to-organic carbon ratios (Lehmann et al.”
Background

See all 1,160

Authors: Spokas, K. A.
Affiliations: Agricultural Research Service (US)
Corresponding author: Spokas, Kurt A
ORCID: Spokas, Kurt A
Venue: Carbon Management
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2010-12
Volume: 1
Issue: 2
Pages: 289-303
ISSN: 1758-3004 (ISSN-L)
1758-3012
DOI: 10.4155/cmt.10.32
OpenAlex: W2102398472
Cited by: 1,160
References: 137
Citations by year: 2026: 52 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 35.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Carbon Management (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
Keywords: biochar stability, soil carbon, black carbon, pyrolysis temperature, microbial degradation

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Review of the stability of biochar in soils: predictability of O:C molar ratios

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