The DOI matches its Crossref record; 202 of the 202 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Protein carriers of conjugate vaccines: Characteristics, development and clinical trials
Open accessAbstract
The immunogenicity of polysaccharides as human vaccines was enhanced by coupling to protein carriers. Conjugation transformed the T cell-independent polysaccharide vaccines of the past to T cell-dependent antigenic vaccines that were much more immunogenic and launched a renaissance in vaccinology. This review discusses the conjugate vaccines for prevention of infections caused by Hemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Specifically, the characteristics of the proteins used in the construction of the vaccines including CRM, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane complex, and Hemophilus influenzae protein D are discussed. The studies that established differences among and key features of conjugate vaccines including immunologic memory induction, reduction of nasopharyngeal colonization and herd immunity, and antibody avidity and avidity maturation are presented. Studies of dose, schedule, response to boosters, of single protein carriers with single and multiple polysaccharides, of multiple protein carriers with multiple polysaccharides and conjugate vaccines administered concurrently with other vaccines are discussed along with undesirable consequences of conjugate vaccines. The clear benefits of conjugate vaccines in improving the protective responses of the immature immune systems of young infants and the senescent immune systems of the elderly have been made clear and opened the way to development of additional vaccines using this technology for future vaccine products.
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Cites
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Efficacy of a Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine against Acute Otitis Media
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Cited by
Application of built-in adjuvants for epitope-based vaccines
Lei, Y., Zhao, F., Shao, J., Li, Y., Li, S., Chang, H., & Zhang, Y. (2019) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.6185 · Cited by 115
Ten Years of Tau-Targeted Immunotherapy: The Path Walked and the Roads Ahead
Novak, P., Kontsekova, E., Zilka, N., & Novak, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00798 · Cited by 87
“, tetanus toxoid (Pichichero, 2013), or artificial carriers that feature a broad spectrum of T-cell epitopes from various antigens (Davtyan et al.”
BackgroundInnovative Vaccine Strategy: Self-Adjuvanting Conjugate Vaccines
Manabe, Y., & Fukase, K. (2023) · Methods in Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2910-9_5 · Cited by 5
Engineering intramolecular adjuvants for next-generation vaccines
Wang, Y., Liao, W., Zhang, Z., Wang, T., Zhang, J., Zai, X., & Xu, J. (2026) · The Innovation Medicine · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-med.2026.100258
Metadata
- Authors
- Pichichero, M. E.
- Venue
- Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-12-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2505-2523
- ISSN
- 2164-5515 (ISSN-L)
- 2164-554X
- OpenAlex
- W2026167111
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 202
- FWCI
- 8.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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