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Cited by 829Immune responses and vaccinationsT-cell and B-cell ImmunologySARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research

Vaccines: Correlates of Vaccine‐Induced Immunity

Plotkin, Stanley A.·2008·Clinical Infectious Diseases
DOI 10.1086/589862
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Abstract

The immune system is redundant, and B and T cells collaborate. However, almost all current vaccines work through induction of antibodies in serum or on mucosa that block infection or interfere with microbial invasion of the bloodstream. To protect, antibodies must be functional in the sense of neutralization or opsonophagocytosis. Correlates of protection after vaccination are sometimes absolute quantities but often are relative, such that most infections are prevented at a particular level of response but some will occur above that level because of a large challenge dose or deficient host factors. There may be >1 correlate of protection for a disease, which we term "cocorrelates." Either effector or central memory may correlate with protection. Cell-mediated immunity also may operate as a correlate or cocorrelate of protection against disease, rather than against infection. In situations where the true correlate of protection is unknown or difficult to measure, surrogate tests (usually antibody measurements) must suffice as predictors of protection by vaccines. Examples of each circumstance are given.

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Crossref · 10.1086/589862

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79 of 79 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • A prime vaccination with 0.5 μg LNP-formulated RABV-G mRNA induced virus neutralization titers above the WHO reference titer of 0.5 IU/ml.

    “A prime vaccination with a dose of 0.5 µg LNP-formulated RABV-G mRNA already induced virus neutralization titers (VNTs) above the WHO reference titer of 0.5 IU/ml, which is used as correlate of protection in humans21 (Fig. 3a).”

    From Unmodified mRNA in LNPs constitutes a competitive technology for prophylactic vaccines (2017) · cites this paper as [21]

  • Naïve non-human primates vaccinated with 10 μg of the H1N1-HA mRNA/LNP vaccine had H1N1-HI titers at or above 1:40 after a single vaccination.

    “After just a single vaccination, we observed H1N1-HI titers at or above 1:40, which is used as correlate of protection in humans21 (Fig. 4d).”

    From Unmodified mRNA in LNPs constitutes a competitive technology for prophylactic vaccines (2017) · cites this paper as [21]

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Authors
Plotkin, S. A.
Corresponding author
Plotkin, Stanley A.
ORCID
Plotkin, Stanley A.
Venue
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2008-08
Volume
47
Issue
3
Pages
401-409
ISSN
  • 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
  • 1537-6591
DOI
10.1086/589862
OpenAlex
W2104823480
Cited by
829
References
79
Citations by year
2026: 26 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 63
FWCI
3.48
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Clinical Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Keywords
vaccine correlates of protection, humoral immunity, neutralizing antibodies, opsonophagocytosis, memory B cells, central memory T cells, effector memory T cells, cell-mediated immunity, surrogate markers, vaccine efficacy prediction
MeSH terms
Antibodies, Antibody Formation, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Vaccines

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