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Innate immune recognition

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Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene

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The Inflammasome

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The Dorsoventral Regulatory Gene Cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus Controls the Potent Antifungal Response in Drosophila Adults

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The RNA helicase RIG-I has an essential function in double-stranded RNA-induced innate antiviral responses

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Noncoding RNA therapeutics—Challenges and potential solutions

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The growth of siRNA-based therapeutics: updated clinical studies

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MicroRNAs in Cardiovascular Disease

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RNA Drugs and RNA Targets for Small Molecules: Principles, Progress, and Challenges

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COVID-19 Vaccine Frontrunners and Their Nanotechnology Design

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RNA therapy: rich history, various applications and unlimited future prospects

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Emergence of synthetic mRNA: In vitro synthesis of mRNA and its applications in regenerative medicine

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RNA therapy: Are we using the right molecules?

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Understanding RNA modifications: the promises and technological bottlenecks of the ‘epitranscriptome’

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Review of Advances in Coating and Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles: From Theory to Biomedical Application

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tRNA-Derived Small RNAs: Biogenesis, Modification, Function and Potential Impact on Human Disease Development

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RNA Modifications Modulate Activation of Innate Toll-Like Receptors

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RNA nucleotide methylation: 2021 update

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Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Properties of Antimicrobial Peptides Produced by Human Keratinocytes

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Current and future nanoparticle vaccines for COVID-19

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Efficient RNA virus control in Drosophila requires the RNA methyltransferase Dnmt2

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Targeting miRNAs and Other Non-Coding RNAs as a Therapeutic Approach: An Update

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The double-edged sword of H19 lncRNA: Insights into cancer therapy

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mRNA vaccine with unmodified uridine induces robust type I interferon-dependent anti-tumor immunity in a melanoma model

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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of GalNAc‐Conjugated siRNAs

An, G. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/jcph.2337 · Cited by 91

Therapeutic promise of engineered nonsense suppressor tRNAs

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Targeted lipid nanoparticles for RNA therapeutics and immunomodulation in leukocytes

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Cathepsins in Bacteria-Macrophage Interaction: Defenders or Victims of Circumstance?

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Nanotechnology‐facilitated vaccine development during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic

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RNA 5-Methylcytosine Analysis by Bisulfite Sequencing

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tRNA modifications: Necessary for correct tRNA‐derived fragments during the recovery from stress?

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Role of Endolysosomes in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Infection and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pathogenesis: Implications for Potential Treatments

Khan, N., Chen, X., & Geiger, J. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.595888 · Cited by 51

Extracellular RNAs-TLR3 signaling contributes to cognitive impairment after chronic neuropathic pain in mice

Zhang, X., Gao, R., Zhang, C., Teng, Y., Chen, H., Li, Q., Liu, C., Wu, J., Wei, L., Deng, L., et al. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01543-z · Cited by 50

Bacterial tRNA 2′-O-methylation is dynamically regulated under stress conditions and modulates innate immune response

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Coagulation Disorders in COVID-19: Role of Toll-like Receptors

Biswas, I., & Khan, G. A. (2020) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s271768 · Cited by 45

Noncoding RNAs in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets

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Extracellular RNAs-TLR3 signaling contributes to cognitive decline in a mouse model of postoperative cognitive dysfunction

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Intracerebroventricular Administration of a 2′-O-Methyl Phosphorothioate Antisense Oligonucleotide Results in Activation of the Innate Immune System in Mouse Brain

Toonen, L. J. A., Casaca-Carreira, J., Pellisé-Tintoré, M., Mei, H., Temel, Y., Jahanshahi, A., & van Roon‐Mom, W. (2018) · Nucleic Acid Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/nat.2017.0705 · Cited by 38

From Bench to Bedside: Implications of Lipid Nanoparticle Carrier Reactogenicity for Advancing Nucleic Acid Therapeutics

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Rhabdomyolysis Secondary to COVID-19 Vaccination

Mack, M., Nichols, L., & Guerrero, D. M. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.15004 · Cited by 35

Double methylation of tRNA-U54 to 2′-O-methylthymidine (Tm) synergistically decreases immune response by Toll-like receptor 7

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Nanoparticles and Antiviral Vaccines

Liu, S., Hu, M., Liu, X., Liu, X., Chen, T., Zhu, Y., Liang, T., Xiao, S., Li, P., & Ma, X. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12010030 · Cited by 35

miR-142: A Master Regulator in Hematological Malignancies and Therapeutic Opportunities

Huang, W., Paul, D., Călin, G. A., & Bayraktar, R. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13010084 · Cited by 35

A modified dinucleotide motif specifies tRNA recognition by TLR7

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Targeting RNA ‐binding proteins with small molecules: Perspectives, pitfalls and bifunctional molecules

Li, Q., & Kang, C. (2023) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.14710 · Cited by 29

Construction and Immunogenicity of Modified mRNA-Vaccine Variants Encoding Influenza Virus Antigens

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RNAs and RNA-Binding Proteins in Immuno-Metabolic Homeostasis and Diseases

Salem, E., Vonberg, A. D., Borra, V. J., Gill, R. K., & Nakamura, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00106 · Cited by 27

Detoxified synthetic bacterial membrane vesicles as a vaccine platform against bacteria and SARS-CoV-2

Park, K., Svennerholm, K., Crescitelli, R., Lässer, C., Gribonika, I., Andersson, M., Boström, J., Alalam, H., Harandi, A. M., Farewell, A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-023-01928-w · Cited by 26

Inhibition of antigen presentation by Brucella: many more than many ways

Barrionuevo, P., & Giambartolomei, G. H. (2019) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2018.12.004 · Cited by 26

Intratracheal Administration of siRNA Triggers mRNA Silencing in the Lung to Modulate T Cell Immune Response and Lung Inflammation

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Review: N1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1Ψ): Friend or foe of cancer?

Rubio‐Casillas, A., Cowley, D., Raszek, M., Uversky, V. N., & Redwan, E. M. M. M. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131427 · Cited by 27

Chemically modified mRNA beyond COVID-19: Potential preventive and therapeutic applications for targeting chronic diseases

Elkhalifa, D. H., Rayan, M., Negmeldin, A. T., Elhissi, A. M. A., & Khalil, A. A. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112385 · Cited by 24

Advancements in RNA-based therapies from bench to bedside

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B. abortus RNA is the component involved in the down-modulation of MHC-I expression on human monocytes via TLR8 and the EGFR pathway

Milillo, M. A., Velásquez, L. N., Trotta, A., Delpino, M. V., Marinho, F. V., Balboa, L., Vermeulen, M. E., Espíndola, S. L., Rodriguez‐Rodrigues, N., Fernández, G. C., et al. (2017) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006527 · Cited by 22

Identification of U11snRNA as an endogenous agonist of TLR7-mediated immune pathogenesis

Negishi, H., Endo, N., Nakajima, Y., Nishiyama, T., Tabunoki, Y., Nishio, J., Koshiba, R., Matsuda, A., Matsuki, K., Okamura, T., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1915326116 · Cited by 22

Oral administration of polyphenol-rich Sargassum horneri suppresses particulate matter exacerbated airway inflammation in murine allergic asthma: Relevance to the TLR mediated NF-κB pathway inhibition

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Polymeric Carriers for Delivery of RNA Cancer Therapeutics

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RNA–lipid nanoparticles for acute critical illnesses

Omo‐Lamai, S., Zamora, M. E., Mueller, B. K., Casciano, J. C., & Brenner, J. S. (2025) · Nature Reviews Bioengineering · doi:10.1038/s44222-025-00314-5 · Cited by 17

CoverageAnalyzer (CAn): A Tool for Inspection of Modification Signatures in RNA Sequencing Profiles

Hauenschild, R., Werner, S., Tserovski, L., Hildebrandt, A., Motorin, Y., & Helm, M. (2016) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom6040042 · Cited by 17

Variable presence of 5-methylcytosine in commercial RNA and DNA

Schmid, K., Thüring, K. L., Keller, P., Ochel, A., Kellner, S. M., & Helm, M. (2015) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2015.1076612 · Cited by 16

Dnmt2 methyltransferases and immunity: An ancient overlooked connection between nucleotide modification and host defense?

Durdevic, Z., & Schaefer, M. (2013) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201300088 · Cited by 15

Streptococcus mutans-derived extracellular vesicles promote skin wound healing via tRNA cargo

Oh, S. Y., Kim, D., Lee, K. Y., Ha, D., Kim, T.-L., Kwon, T., Kim, J. W., Lee, H., Choi, S., & Hong, S. (2025) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-025-03410-1 · Cited by 15

A Self-Assembling Short Oligonucleotide Duplex Suitable for Pretargeting

Mallikaratchy, P. R., Gardner, J., Nordstrøm, L. U., Veomett, N. J., McDevitt, M. R., Heaney, M. L., & Scheinberg, D. A. (2013) · Nucleic Acid Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/nat.2013.0425 · Cited by 14

Short Carbon Nanotube-Based Delivery of mRNA for HIV-1 Vaccines

Xu, Y., Ferguson, T., Masuda, K., Siddiqui, M. A., Smith, K. P., Vest, O., Brooks, B., Zhou, Z., Obliosca, J. M., Kong, X., et al. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13071088 · Cited by 13

Study of the Synergistic Immunomodulatory and Antifibrotic Effects of Dual-Loaded Budesonide and Serpine1 siRNA Lipid–Polymer Nanoparticles Targeting Macrophage Dysregulation in Tendinopathy

Cérda, S. L., Molinaro, G., Tello, R. P., Correia, A., Künig, S., Steinberger, P., Jeltsch, M., Hirvonen, J. J., Barreto, G., Stöckl, J., et al. (2024) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c02363 · Cited by 13

Implication of myddosome complex genetic variants in outcome severity of COVID-19 patients

Martínez-Gómez, L. E., Martínez-Armenta, C., Medina-Luna, D., Ordóñez-Sánchez, M. L., Tusié‐Luna, T., Ortega‐Peña, S., Herrera-López, B., Suárez-Ahedo, C., Jiménez-Gutiérrez, G. E., Hidalgo‐Bravo, A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2023.06.002 · Cited by 11

Targeting RNA-binding proteins with small molecules: perspectives and challenges

Konde, O. M., Balela, W. B., & Tshitenge, T. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2025.1649692 · Cited by 14

Overcoming barriers and shaping the future: Challenges and innovations in nucleic acid therapies for Glioblastoma

Zam, A., Rouatbi, N., Walters, A. A., & Al‐Jamal, K. T. (2025) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2025.115759 · Cited by 13

miRNAs, piRNAs, and lncRNAs: A triad of non-coding RNAs regulating the neurovascular unit in diabetic retinopathy and their therapeutic potentials

Karpagavalli, M., Sindal, M. D., Arunachalam, J. P., & Chidambaram, S. (2025) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2025.110236 · Cited by 10

Towards novel nano-based vaccine platforms for SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern: Advances, challenges and limitations

Helmy, S. A., Morsi, R. M. E., El-Masry, S. M., & El-Masry, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103762 · Cited by 12

Success of nano-vaccines against COVID-19: a transformation in nanomedicine

Sarangi, M. K., Padhi, S. K., Rath, G., Nanda, S. S., & Yi, D. K. (2022) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2022.2148659 · Cited by 11

Bioconjugation of Small Molecules to RNA Impedes Its Recognition by Toll-Like Receptor 7

Hellmuth, I., Freund, I., Schlöder, J., Seidu‐Larry, S., Thüring, K. L., Slama, K., Langhanki, J., Kaloyanova, S. S., Eigenbrod, T., Krumb, M., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00312 · Cited by 10

Subacute thyroiditis with liver dysfunction following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination: report of two cases and a literature review

Kishimoto, M., Ishikawa, T., & Odawara, M. (2022) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0629 · Cited by 9

Noncoding RNAs in cataract formation: Star molecules emerge in an endless stream

Chen, S., Zhang, C., Shen, L., Hu, J., Chen, X., & Yu, Y. (2022) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106417 · Cited by 11

Let-7b-TLR7 Signaling Axis Contributes to the Anesthesia/Surgery-Induced Cognitive Impairment

Deng, L., Gao, R., Chen, H., Jiao, B., Zhang, C., Wei, L., Yan, C., Ye, S., Zhu, T., & Chen, C. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03658-4 · Cited by 9

Vaccine development and technology for SARS‐CoV‐2: Current insight

Cattel, L., Giordano, S., Traina, S., Lupia, T., Corcione, S., Angelone, L., Valle, G. L., Rosa, F. G. D., & Cattel, F. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27425 · Cited by 7

Role of Nanomaterials in COVID-19 Prevention, Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Vaccine Development

Patel, U., Rathnayake, K., Hunt, E. C., & Singh, N. (2022) · Journal of Nanotheranostics · doi:10.3390/jnt3040011 · Cited by 9

ASTHMA AND COVID-19: THE EOSINOPHILIC LINKPreprint

Rodríguez, C., & Veciana, C. (2020) · doi:10.32388/5iy4if · Cited by 9

Nanocarrier‐Mediated RNA Delivery Platform as a Frontier Strategy for Hepatic Disease Treatment: Challenges and Opportunities

Fan, J., Xiao, Z., Dong, Y., Ye, F., Yan, Q., Zhang, C., Yin, X., Li, Y., & Wang, T. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202402933 · Cited by 7

Virus sensing receptors in cellular infectivity of influenza A virus

Almatrrouk, S., Saba, I., Abozaid, S. M., Al-Qahtani, A. A., & Al‐Ahdal, M. N. (2021) · The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries · doi:10.3855/jidc.13258 · Cited by 7

Payload‐Driven Design of Polymeric Carriers for Nucleic Acid Delivery: Insights from Structure–Function Relationships

Moradian, H., Dunne, C. M., Gossen, M., & Hartlieb, M. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202512653 · Cited by 6

Association of Toll-Like Receptor 7 (TLR7) Polymorphisms with Predisposition to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A Meta and Trial Sequential Analysis

Ranjan, S., & Panda, A. K. (2023) · Biochemical Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10528-023-10600-9 · Cited by 6

Cationic domains in particle-forming and assembly-deficient HBV core antigens capture mammalian RNA that stimulates Th1-biased antibody responses by DNA vaccination

Krieger, J., Stifter, K., Riedl, P., & Schirmbeck, R. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32971-5 · Cited by 5

Comparison of the Class Effects of Antisense Oligonucleotides in CByB6F1-Tg(HRAS)2Jic and CD-1 Mice

Kim, T., Papagiannis, C. N., Zwick, L. S., Engelhardt, J. A., Hoffmaster, C. M., Post, N. M., Matson, J. E., Hsiao, J., Burel, S. A., & Henry, S. P. (2018) · Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1177/0192623318813143 · Cited by 4

Prokaryotic RNA activates endothelial cells promoting neutrophil transmigration

Castillo, L. A., Birnberg-Weiss, F., Rodriguez‐Rodrigues, N., Pittaluga, J. R., Martire‐Greco, D., Milillo, M. A., Grinstein, S. F., Camelli, M. R., Aybar, A. J. M., Landoni, V. I., et al. (2019) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1111/imcb.12282 · Cited by 4

Microbial RNA, the New PAMP of Many Faces

Milillo, M. A., Velásquez, L. N., & Barrionuevo, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Tropical Diseases · doi:10.3389/fitd.2022.924719 · Cited by 4

Pulmonary Delivery of Messenger RNA (mRNA) Therapeutics for Respiratory Diseases

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Opportunities for More Tailored Approaches to Genotoxicity Testing and Carcinogenicity Strategy for Oligonucleotide Therapeutics: Outcome of an Industry Survey

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