Cited by 113Immune Response and Inflammationinterferon and immune responsesInvertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 192 of the 193 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

RNA mediated toll-like receptor stimulation in health and disease

Open access
Dalpke, Alexander H., Helm, Mark·2012·RNA Biology

Abstract

Besides their well known functions in storage and translation of information nucleic acids have emerged as a target of pattern recognition receptors that drive activation of innate immunity. Due to the paucity of building block monomers used in nucleic acids, discrimination of host and microbial nucleic acids as a means of self/foreign discrimination is a complicated task. Pattern recognition receptors rely on discrimination by sequence, structural features and spatial compartmentalization to differentiate microbial derived nucleic acids from host ones. Microbial nucleic acid detection is important for the sensing of infectious danger and initiating an immune response to microbial attack. Failures in the underlying recognitions systems can have severe consequences: thus, inefficient recognition of microbial nucleic acids may increase susceptibility to infectious diseases. On the other hand, excessive immune responses as a result of failed self/foreign discrimination are associated with autoimmune diseases. This review gives a general overview over the underlying concepts of nucleic acid sensing by Toll-like receptors. Within this general framework, we focus on bacterial RNA and synthetic RNA oligomers.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.4161/rna.20206

Cites

192 of 192 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1. (A) Localization of TLRs. One set of TLRs is situated at the cell membrane. The set of TLRs which is responsible for sensing nucleic acids is located in the membrane of late endosomes/lysosomes. Upon activation by non-self nucleic acid, an inflammation signal is triggered through a signal cascade including MyD88, IRAK1/2/4, TRAF3/6, which ultimately leads to a cytokine response. (B) Horseshoe structure of TLR-ectodomain complexed to a 46mer dsRNA.36
Figure 1. (A) Localization of TLRs. One set of TLRs is situated at the cell membrane. The set of TLRs which is responsible for sensing nucleic acids is located in the membrane of late endosomes/lysosomes. Upon activation by non-self nucleic acid, an inflammation signal is triggered through a signal cascade including MyD88, IRAK1/2/4, TRAF3/6, which ultimately leads to a cytokine response. (B) Horseshoe structure of TLR-ectodomain complexed to a 46mer dsRNA.36CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Figure 2. Small molecule purine agonists of TLR7 and/or TLR8. The respective names are indicted under the chemical structures, and triggering of TLR7 and/or TLR861 is indicated below the name.
Figure 2. Small molecule purine agonists of TLR7 and/or TLR8. The respective names are indicted under the chemical structures, and triggering of TLR7 and/or TLR861 is indicated below the name.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central
Figure 3. Selected chemical modifications (red) at the nucleobase shown on the left strand include the naturally occurring m5C, m6A, m5U, s2U and Ψ, (see 96 for nomenclature). Modifications at the ribose shown on the right strand include the naturally occurring 2’-O-Me, and desoxyphosphorothioate, as well as the synthetic ribophosphorothioate, 2’-fluoro and locked nucleic acid (LNA) modifications highlighted in blue, which have not (yet) been discovered in nature.
Figure 3. Selected chemical modifications (red) at the nucleobase shown on the left strand include the naturally occurring m5C, m6A, m5U, s2U and Ψ, (see 96 for nomenclature). Modifications at the ribose shown on the right strand include the naturally occurring 2’-O-Me, and desoxyphosphorothioate, as well as the synthetic ribophosphorothioate, 2’-fluoro and locked nucleic acid (LNA) modifications highlighted in blue, which have not (yet) been discovered in nature.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Karikó K, 2007, Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel, 10, 523

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 113

Metadata

Authors
Dalpke, A. H., & Helm, M.
Affiliations
  • Heidelberg University (DE)
  • Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
Corresponding author
Helm, Mark
Venue
RNA Biology
Published
2012-06
Volume
9
Issue
6
Pages
828-842
ISSN
  • 1547-6286 (ISSN-L)
  • 1555-8584
OpenAlex
W1994331999
Cited by
113
References
193
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5
FWCI
0.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • RNA Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
Keywords
Toll-like receptors, RNA sensing, pattern recognition receptors, innate immunity, bacterial RNA, nucleic acid recognition, autoimmune disease, infection susceptibility
MeSH terms
Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, Bacteria, Bacterial Infections, Base Sequence, DNA, Bacterial, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Nucleic Acid Conformation, Protein Binding, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Small Interfering, Toll-Like Receptors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review