Beyond the classic thermoneutral zone: Including thermal comfort
Open accessAbstract
The thermoneutral zone is defined as the range of ambient temperatures where the body can maintain its core temperature solely through regulating dry heat loss, i.e., skin blood flow. A living body can only maintain its core temperature when heat production and heat loss are balanced. That means that heat transport from body core to skin must equal heat transport from skin to the environment. This study focuses on what combinations of core and skin temperature satisfy the biophysical requirements of being in the thermoneutral zone for humans. Moreover, consequences are considered of changes in insulation and adding restrictions such as thermal comfort (i.e. driver for thermal behavior). A biophysical model was developed that calculates heat transport within a body, taking into account metabolic heat production, tissue insulation, and heat distribution by blood flow and equates that to heat loss to the environment, considering skin temperature, ambient temperature and other physical parameters. The biophysical analysis shows that the steady-state ambient temperature range associated with the thermoneutral zone does not guarantee that the body is in thermal balance at basal metabolic rate per se. Instead, depending on the combination of core temperature, mean skin temperature and ambient temperature, the body may require significant increases in heat production or heat loss to maintain stable core temperature. Therefore, the definition of the thermoneutral zone might need to be reformulated. Furthermore, after adding restrictions on skin temperature for thermal comfort, the ambient temperature range associated with thermal comfort is smaller than the thermoneutral zone. This, assuming animals seek thermal comfort, suggests that thermal behavior may be initiated already before the boundaries of the thermoneutral zone are reached.
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The thermal comfort zone lies within the physiological thermoneutral zone and shares the same center.
“With the introduction of the TNZ model it was also shown that the ”thermal comfort zone“ lies within the physiological thermoneutral zone, and that they share the same center [15].”
From Drivers of diversity in human thermal perception – A review for holistic comfort models (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
A thick subcutaneous fat layer increases insulation and attenuates heat exchange via the skin, which helps maintaining body core temperature in a cold environment.
“a thick subcutaneous fat layer increases insulation and attenuates heat exchange via the skin, which helps maintaining body core temperature in a cold environment [15,68].”
From Drivers of diversity in human thermal perception – A review for holistic comfort models (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Kingma, B. R., Frijns, A. J., Schellen, L., & van Marken Lichtenbelt, W. D.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Avans University of Applied Sciences (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Kingma, Boris RM
- Venue
- Temperature
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-07-08
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 142-149
- ISSN
- 2332-8940 (ISSN-L)
- 2332-8959
- PMC
- PMC4977175
- OpenAlex
- W2055591282
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 7.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Temperature (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
- Keywords
- thermoneutral zone, core body temperature, skin temperature, heat balance, heat transport, skin blood flow, metabolic heat production, thermal comfort, ambient temperature, thermal effects, biophysical model
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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