Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research

“Qualitative data were analyzed according to the Framework Method by Richie and Spencer [17] applying both deductive and inductive coding.”

“For the qualitative component, the interview transcripts were analyzed using a framework analysis approach structured around the CFIR construct taxonomy, following five analytical stages: familiarization, coding, building an analytical framework, charting, and interpretation [15].”

“Data were analysed using framework analysis in five stages: famil-iarisation, indexing, charting, mapping and interpretation [29].”

“Each interview group (participants, facilitators, clinical lead and service managers) will be analysed using thematic analysis and the Framework approach 58 to organise and code the data.”

“Qualitative data were analysed using a framework-based thematic approach (Ritchie and Spencer 2002), informed by the 3C conceptual framework of vaccine hesitancy (MacDonald 2015).”

“[14,15] The process of analyzing data was initiated after the first interview was completed.”

“Data were analysed using the Framework Method 25,26 which proceeds through five stages: familiarisation with the data, constructing a working analytical framework, indexing the data against that framework, charting, and interpretation.”

“The analysis was organised and supported by the five-step qualitative data analysis framework developed by Ritchie and Spencer [44].”

“Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, backtranslated for accuracy, and analysed with Framework Analysis [20] in NVivo 14 [21].”

“Using the Framework approach [41], we established an a priori code template based on the SI framework principles for qualitative analysis.”

“Interviews were transcribed and then analysed in NVivo 12 (39) using the Framework Analysis method (40) .”

“…2018) • Expert Validation (Krippendorff, 2018) • Peer Debriefing (Creswell & Miller, 2000) • Intercoder Agreement (Halpin, 2024) Framework Analysis (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994) This method assumes that analysis can be both structured and flexible, guided by a clear research objective or…”

“Data were analysed using an adapted Framework Analysis approach, integrating both deductive and inductive analytic approaches [32, 33].”

“Cross-case framework analysis [42] will integrate findings in joint display Table [36].”

“Framework analysis aims to identify, describe, and interpret key patterns within and across cases and themes within the phenomenon of interest [17, 18].”

“Consistent with qualitative framework analysis applied to policy documents (Gale et al., 2013; Ritchie & Spencer, 2002), taxonomy development was an inductive, expert-driven process in which conceptual categories emerged through systematic review and iterative refinement rather than algorithmic…”

“Framework analysis (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994), a form of thematic analysis widely utilized in applied health research, was conducted following the seven stages described by Gale et al. (2013): (1) verbatim transcription of the interviews; (2) transcript familiarization; (3) coding; (4) developing a…”

“…Analysis is an applied research technique that provides a step-by-step process for analyzing qualitative data thematically, comparing findings from different participant groups, and presenting information in a matrix format to be applied in practice (Goldsmith, 2021; Ritchie & Spencer, 1994).”

“The qualitative analysis was guided by Ritchie and Spencer’s five stages of framework analysis: familiarizing, identifying a thematic framework, indexing, charting, mapping, and interpreting [27].”

“The first author, by then deeply familiar with the data, performed inductive, codebook approach to thematic analysis for these excerpts [22].”

“Data analysis was both deductive—guided by the themes present in the inter-view schedules, and inductive—themes that emerged from the data analysis process (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994).”

“Using the FM, based on Thematic Framework Analysis (Gale et al., 2013), four overarching themes were developed that enabled a descriptive and conceptual exploration into how participants coped with climate change generally and in specific contextual situations (Table 2).”

“Transcripts were uploaded to NVivo (version 14.23.2; QSR International) to assist our inductive thematic framework approach, a form of codebook thematic analysis [23,24].”

“This approach can be facilitated by proceeding with implementation in stages and scaling up gradually [29].”

“We analysed the qualitative material using an approach informed by Framework methodology [22, 23].”

“We used framework analysis to analyze the interview material (Goldsmith, 2021; Ritchie & Spencer, 1994).”

“In the second step, a draft analytical framework was developed by organising these ideas into categories “within which the material can be sifted and sorted” (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994, p. 180).”

“We used framework analysis [62] with a hybrid inductive-deductive approach.”

“Focusing on open-ended responses to the two questions described above, this involved a multi-staged structured process: familiarisation, framework development, coding, framework application, charting data into a matrix, and data interpretation [22].”

“We then followed the process of Framework Analysis [50] : after transcription of the interviews (step 1) and familiarization with the data (step 2), inductive codes were identified from field notes and during initial coding (by discussion among authors S.B., C.S., and B.I.) (step 3: coding).”

“Transcripts were analysed using a modified version of the Framework Method (Ritchie & Spencer 1994), which combines systematic thematic coding with inductive interpretation.”

“Framework analysis (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994) was used to analyze text responses to two open-ended questions among participants who endorsed past-month SI ( n = 343 provided text responses).”

“[12,13] Originally developed by Ritchie and Spencer in 1994 for applied policy research, it has been widely adopted in health and social research contexts where the aim is to produce interpretable, transferable findings from a defined set of sources rather than to generate grounded theory from…”

“We used the Framework Analysis (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994), appropri - ate for applied qualitative research that starts with specific questions and allows new themes to emerge .”

“Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed deductively using framework analysis 29 with a pre-determined index.”

“For the case study, we applied a two-level thematic analysis (intra-and cross-case) 41 using the Framework Method 56 (Supplementary Figure 2).”

“Analysis drew on principles of framework analysis [23,24], combining deductive and inductive elements.”

“Framework analysis [43] was applied as we had predefined areas we wanted to understand (facilitators and barriers to Smart EMA) but were also open to emergent codes and themes within the context of the participants experience of living with TSC.”

“Data were analysed using framework analysis (30, 31).”

“A framework approach to thematic analysis (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994) was used because of its capacity to incorporate deductive and inductive analyses, i.e. a priori constructs and codes informed by theory (the TCBC), as well a posteriori constructs and themes emerging bottom-up.”

“The selected literature was taken in the process of framework analysis, a variant of the widely popular content analysis, developed by Ritchie and Spencer (1994).”

“Framework analysis is defined as “an analytical process which involves a number of distinct though highly interconnected stages” (Ritchie and Spencer, 1994) (p. 177).”

“Framework analysis was employed to identify, describe, and interpret key patterns in the focus group and interview data guided by the aims of the study [28, 29].”

“Qualitative data from workshops and interviews will be audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using framework analysis, a structured form of thematic analysis commonly used in applied health and policy research [47,48].”

“Steps of framework analysis outlined by Ritchie and Spencer were followed; familiarisation, identifying a framework, indexing, charting, and mapping and interpretation [51].”

“Data were subject to a framework approach to analysis to enable comparison to be undertaken across and within cases [52].”

“16,17 Major themes reflected common ideas across sites; minor themes captured less frequent but relevant concepts.”

“53 It incorporates both deductive reasoning (applying a pre-existing or developed framework to code data) and inductive reasoning (generating new themes or patterns through data-driven analysis and interpretation).”

“Data were processed using the framework method developed by Ritchie & Spencer [27].”

“The fourth phase of analysis involved charting [56], or summarising and charting [89].”

“We used a Framework Analysis [22] in NVivo 12 (QSR International, Massachusetts, US) of the qualitative data to answer the practical feasibility and acceptability questions for this internal pilot whilst remaining open to unexpected views.”

“This approach adapts the Ritchie and Spencer [24] method to the focus group format, while incorporating the Long Table technique from Krueger and Casey [25] to process the emerging qualitative data from participants’ discourse.”

“To obtain inductive themes, the data was analysed using the framework analysis (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994) to elicit the prime reasons for not using or using GenAI to prepare for OSCEs.”

“This method comprises five key stages: familiarisation, identifying a thematic framework, indexing, charting, mapping and interpretation (Ritchie and Spencer, 2002).”

“Data analysis was informed by framework analysis [25, 26].”

“These interviews were analysed using Framework Analysis [58, 59] with the ICF acting as the framework (Figure 1) using NVivo software Version 1.7.1 [60].”

“Transcripts were analysed using Framework Analysis [37] following Gale et al. [38], which allows systematic coding and categorisation which maintaining a clear link to original data.”

“Analysis proceeded through iterative thematic coding using a framework approach (Ritchie & Spencer, 2002).”

“The analysis process involved the following [43] process: 1.”

“This analysis utilized a Framework Analysis methodology as described by Ritchie and Spencer, 47 specifically focusing on its Content and Framework approaches relevant in an academic context.”

“A qualitative inquiry underpinned by a pragmatic analytic approach (Parkinson et al. 2016; Gale et al. 2013; Ritchie and Spencer 1994) guided the research.”

“…(2) identifying a thematic framework from initial codes; (3) indexing by applying codes systematically to all data; (4) charting data into a matrix framework; (5–7) mapping and interpreting patterns through comparisons within and across cases to develop explanatory themes (Ritchie & Spencer, 1993).”

“Then the collected data was reviewed a few times by researchers to get familiar with it before creating the start list of the potential codes (Ritchie & Spencer, 2002).”

“Data were analysed using a framework analysis approach based on Ritchie and Spencer’s five-stage framework to identify meaningful themes [13].”

“We used thematic framework analysis [40].”

“…major components occur through five steps: (1) data familiarisation; (2) identifying a thematic framework; (3) indexing all study data against the framework; (4) charting to summarise the indexed data; and (5) mapping and interpretation of patterns found within the charts (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994).”

“Meaningful quotes were abstracted from the final codebook (see Table A1 for the final codebook with all codes and responses) and presented as examples to illustrate the final themes (24).”

“Framework analysis (Ritchie & Spencer, 2002) was applied as we had predefined areas we wanted to understand (facilitators and barriers to EMA), but were also open to emergent codes and themes within the context of the participant’s experience of encephalitis.”

“We conducted team-based framework analysis to enhance the trustworthiness and credibility of our analyses (4, 55, 56, 67).”

“Data analysis followed the Framework Method (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994), involving five systematic steps of thematic analysis: familiarization with transcripts and recordings, identification of themes aligned with research objectives, coding of relevant data segments, charting codes into thematic categories, and interpr…”

“In FA, indexing refers to the process of using the thematic framework to examine and ref - erence the data (Ritchie and Spencer 1994, p. 179).”

“…the behaviour(s) required to participate in DIALOG+ . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0338408.t002 receipt, enactment and usefulness of training materials was analysed using framework analysis following the methodology described by Ritchie & Spencer [24] detailed in the following section.”

“We used a framework analysis approach for coding, analyzing, and interpreting qualitative data [30 ].”

“13 This theory was initially proposed by McLeroy et al in 1988, building upon the foundation of Social Ecological Theory.”

“Qualitative data were analysed thematically [11], using the framework approach to data management [12, 13].”

“Qualitative analysis was guided by framework analysis (Ritchie and Spencer 1994; Gale et al. 2013; Parkinson et al. 2016).”

“By organising data across eleven analytically distinct but interrelated domains, the framework enabled systematic cross-case comparison while preserving contextual depth (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994).”

“Thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) was conducted using a framework matrix (Ritchie & Spencer, 2002) created in NVivo.”

“The analytic approach adopted for this study was intentionally deductive (Skjott Linneberg & Korsgaard, 2019) and policy-informed (Ritchie & Spencer, 2002), structured around the principles articulated in the Canada Health Act (CHA).”