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Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research

·2002·Analyzing Qualitative Data

DOI 10.4324/9780203413081-14

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Abstract

The last two decades have seen a notable growth in the use of qualitative methods for applied social policy research. Qualitative research is now used to explore and understand a diversity of social and public policy issues, either as an independent research strategy or in combination with some form of statistical inquiry. The wider use of qualitative methods has come about for a number of reasons but is underpinned by the persistent requirement in social policy fields to understand complex behaviours, needs, systems and cultures.

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Bulmer, M. (1982) The Uses of Social Research, London: Allen & Unwin. · DOI

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Method
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BackgroundMethod
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Method
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MethodInfluential
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Method
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“We analysed our QLR data cross-sectionally (RQ1) and longitudinally (RQ2), as well as comparatively (both RQs) following the five-stage framework method (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994).”
The human and financial costs of conservation for local communities living around the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania
Kegamba, J. J., Sangha, K. K., Wurm, P., Meitamei, J. L., Tiotem, L. G., & Garnett, S. T. (2024) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e02974 · Cited by 14
Have companies arisen to the challenge of promoting sustainable work? The role of responsible business practices in the context of evolving employment and working conditions
Jain, A., Ripa, D., & Torres, L. (2024) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106364 · Cited by 16
Towards an integrated type 1 diabetes management in low-resource settings: barriers faced by patients and their caregivers in healthcare facilities in Ghana
Owusu, B. A., & Doku, D. T. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-10410-0 · Cited by 20
“We adopted Ritchie et al., (1994) approach to conducting a framework analysis which entailed data familiarisation, identification of a framework, indexing, charting and interpretation [28].”
MethodResult
Using Ubuntu as a Research Paradigm to Unpack How Ghanaian Novice Teachers and Their Collaborators Engaged Virtually in Collaborative International Qualitative Research
Borti, A., Maurya, R. K., Jones-Mensah, I., & Wickramaarachchi, T. I. (2024) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069241241149 · Cited by 17
‘Swim, swim and die at the beach’: family court and perpetrator induced trauma (CPIT) experiences of mothers in Brazil
Dalgarno, E., Katz, E., Ayeb‐Karlsson, S., Barnett, A., Motosi, P., & Verma, A. (2023) · Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law · doi:10.1080/09649069.2023.2285136 · Cited by 16
“Framework analysis (Ritchie and Spencer 2002) was used to further an in-depth analysis of mothers’ health-related experiences by the lead author.”
What Aspects of Quality of Life are Important from Palliative Care Patients’ Perspectives? A Framework Analysis to Inform Preference-Based Measures for Palliative and End-of-Life Settings
McCaffrey, N., Ratcliffe, J., Currow, D. C., Engel, L., & Hutchinson, C. L. (2023) · Patient · doi:10.1007/s40271-023-00651-w · Cited by 18
“Evidence from the interviews was combined with the a priori themes and domains to generate a revised conceptual model [64, 65].”
“Moving Forward with Life”: Acceptability of a Brief Alcohol Reduction Intervention for People Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa
Myers, B., Parry, C. D. H., Morojele, N. K., Nkosi, S., Shuper, P. A., Kekwaletswe, C. T., & Sorsdahl, K. R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165706 · Cited by 16
A qualitative study exploring barriers and facilitators in deceased organ donation process among transplant coordinators in India
Vincent, B., Randhawa, G., & Cook, E. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-80290-9 · Cited by 15
“Framework analysis 49 was used to analyse the data as it enabled case-to-case comparison to identify the similarities and differences across and within the study sites sampled.”
The transformative potential of local stakeholder engagement in the reintroduction of a contested species
Marino, F., Crowley, S. L., Foley, N. A. W., Mcdonald, R., & Hodgson, D. J. (2024) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110688 · Cited by 15
“We’re Not That Gullible!” Revealing Dark Pattern Mental Models of 11-12-Year-Old Scottish Children
Renaud, K., Sengul, C., Coopamootoo, K., Clift, B. C., Taylor, J., Springett, M., & Morrison, B. A. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3660342 · Cited by 19
“Ritchie and Spencer [70] suggest that FA is useful for analysing data derived from research questions that are contextual (e.g., examining the form and nature of knowledge and experience) and diagnostic (e.g., exploring reasons or influences upon knowledge and experience).”
Growing Older at Home: Canadians’ Meaning of Aging in Place
Fenton, M. R., Hoppmann, C. A., Boger, J. N., Dalton, B. H., Komisar, V., Sakakibara, B. M., & Jakobi, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Aging and Environment · doi:10.1080/26892618.2024.2329869 · Cited by 17
“…was guided by deductive framework analysis, where data were sifted, charted, and sorted in accordance with key issues and themes using five steps: (a) familiarize; (b) identify a thematic framework; (c) index; (d) chart; and (e) map and interpret (Gale et al., 2013; Ritchie & Spencer, 2002).”
A paradox of problems in accessing general practice: a qualitative participatory case study
Voorhees, J. R., Bailey, S. F., Waterman, H. A., & Checkland, K. (2023) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp.2023.0276 · Cited by 26
“Analysis consisted of ongoing, inductive processing of the data using a modified framework approach, 29,30 as well as abductive 31 application of Levesque et al ’s theory of access 14 as the theory of human fit was developed.”
Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Sciences: A Scoping Review
Abu-El-Ruz, R., Hasan, A., Hijazi, D., Masoud, O., Abdallah, A. M., Zughaier, S. M., & Al‐Asmakh, M. (2025) · British Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.3389/bjbs.2025.14362 · Cited by 18
“A spreadsheet for the extraction variables was developed according to the recommendation of Ritchie and Spencer 2002 [31], the included variables are: publication variables (author, citation, year of data collection, year of publication, country, and site type), study-related variables (study…”
Technology Integration to Support Nurses in an “Inpatient Room of the Future”: Qualitative Analysis
Stevens, E. R., Arias, V. A., Luu, S., Lawrence, K., & Groom, L. L. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/68689 · Cited by 14
“Data were coded according to the principles of the “framework for applied research” [28], which consists of a 5-stage process including familiarization, identifying themes, indexing, charting, and interpretation.”
A qualitative study of benzodiazepine/z-drug and opioid co-use patterns and overdose risk
Family, H. E., Vojt, G., Poulter, H. L., Bailey, C. P., Abdala, A. P., Cavallo, D., Karimi, S., Booth, N., Silva, P. D., Aitken, L., et al. (2025) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-025-01153-8 · Cited by 13
“‘Framework’ [37] was the analytical method chosen to identify patterns of co-use, it was particularly useful for exploring how individual participant’s co-use may be related to near fatal overdose experiences as well as patterns across the whole dataset.”
The role of Department of Veterans Affairs community‐based outpatient clinics in enhancing rural access to geriatrics telemedicine specialty care
Pimentel, C. B., Dryden, E. M., Nearing, K. A., Kernan, L. M., Kennedy, M. A., Hung, W. W., Riley, J., & Moo, L. R. (2023) · Journal of The American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.18703 · Cited by 14
“Using a framework analysis approach, 28,29 five evaluators (CP, ED, KN, LK, LM) developed an initial codebook including a priori themes of interest addressed in the interview guide and emergent themes arising after reading three transcripts.”
Method
STEM education institutional change projects: examining enacted approaches through the lens of the Four Categories of Change Strategies Model
Feola, S., Lewis, J. E., McAlpin, J. D., Prevost, L. B., Skvoretz, J. V., Stains, M., Couch, B. A., Earl, B., Ziker, J. P., Lane, A. K., et al. (2023) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-023-00458-z · Cited by 19
“This research study utilized Framework Analysis as the analytical framework (Ritchie & Spencer, 2002).”
Method
Patient outcomes and experience of a task-shared screening and brief intervention service for problem substance use in South African emergency centres: a mixed methods study
van der Westhuizen, C., Malan, M., Naledi, T., Roelofse, M., Myers, B., Stein, D. J., Lahri, S., & Sorsdahl, K. (2021) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-021-00239-5 · Cited by 13
Perceptions of Empathic and Compassionate Healthcare Encounters: An International Exploratory Qualitative Descriptive Study
Leach, K. J. T., Barker, M.-E., Hales, C., Holmberg, B., Holmberg, M., Jakimowicz, S., Rook, H., Sherwood, G., Streit, L. A., & Levett-Jones, T. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/scs.70006 · Cited by 13
“It seeks to ‘iden-tify, describe, and interpret key patterns within and across cases of and themes within the phenomenon of interest’ [31, p. 2061, 32].”
Public Health Communication and Trust: Opportunities for Understanding
Schuh, J. S., Prus, E. C., Abello, C., Evans, K., Walker, K., Miller, M., & Castrucci, B. C. (2025) · Journal of health communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2025.2466098 · Cited by 13
“We applied an inductive thematic analysis approach to analyze the qualitative data based on the Framework Method, an approach that facilitates discovering important themes (Gale et al., 2013; Ritchie & Spencer, 2002).”
MARKETING STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS ChatGPT: AN AI-ASSISTED THEMATIC ANALYSIS
Hazari, S. (2025) · Marketing Education Review · doi:10.1080/10528008.2025.2470198 · Cited by 17
“The next step was to generate themes based on the codes identified by the two LLMs. Characteristics of good themes include relevance, coherence, distinctiveness, richness, depth, consistency, and interpretability (Ritchie & Spencer, 2002; Wood et al., 2020).”
Developing a data pricing framework for data exchange
Majumdar, R., Gurtoo, A., & Maileckal, M. (2025) · Future Business Journal · doi:10.1186/s43093-025-00422-z · Cited by 13
“‘Indexing’ refers to the process, whereby a thematic framework is systematically applied to data [59].”
Influential
Barriers and enablers to utilisation of postpartum long-acting reversible contraception in Eastern Uganda: a qualitative study
Kamwesigye, A., Amanya, D., Nambozo, B., Epuitai, J., Nahurira, D., Wani, S., Nafula, P. A., Oguttu, F., Wadinda, J., Nantale, R., et al. (2024) · Contraception and Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.1186/s40834-024-00308-5 · Cited by 10
“We used the framework method of analysis [23], based on the COM-B framework to organise our results.”
Method
Barriers and Facilitators Towards Deceased Organ Donation: A Qualitative Study Among Three Major Religious Groups in Chandigarh, and Chennai, India
Vincent, B., Sood, V., Thanigachalam, S., Cook, E., & Randhawa, G. (2024) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-024-02148-8 · Cited by 13
“In alignment with the aim, purpose, and sampling technique, the present study adopted framework analysis (FA) to analyse the data (Ritchie & Spencer, 2002).”
BackgroundMethod
Responding to fluctuations in public and community trust and health seeking behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study of national decision-makers’ perspectives in Guinea and Sierra Leone
Baldé, H., Geurts, B., Fischer, H.-T., Menelik-Obbarius, S., Kaba, I., Merhi, V. N. A. L., Stein, K., Diaconu, V., Bahr, T., Weishaar, H. B., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20181-w · Cited by 14
“Using an inductive and deductive framework approach to thematic analysis interview, 34 transcripts were analyzed [46, 47].”
Method
Implementing peer support into practice in mental health services: a qualitative comparative case study
Gillard, S., Foster, R., White, S. J., Bhattacharya, R., Binfield, P., Eborall, R., Gibson, S. L., Harnett, D., Simpson, A., Lucock, M. P., et al. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-11447-5 · Cited by 12
“Interview data were analysed using a framework approach [33] based on the Context and Facilitation domains of the modified PARIHS framework (see Table 1).”
Method
Unravelling clinicians’ shared decision-making adoption: a qualitative exploration through the lens of diffusion of innovations theory
Spinnewijn, L., Aarts, J. W. M., Braat, D. D. M., & Scheele, F. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080765 · Cited by 14
“This study uses a modified framework analysis approach, 22–24 drawing on two sources of data: ethnographic and interview data from two previous studies 20 21 and separate data obtained through additional interviews.”
Method
Remote monitoring of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a low disease activity state: a mixed methods evaluation across six hospitals in London, UK
Watson, K. A., Sheldon, H., Pallari, E., Arumalla, N., Olive, R. R., Boiko, O. V., Aznar, C., Adams, E.-J., Bosworth, A., Demetriou, L., et al. (2024) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keae112 · Cited by 11
“Transcripts were analysed using framework analysis [23] and deductive and inductive coding approaches (by H.S., E.P., R.O., C.A., K.W. and O.B.).”
Method
Perspectives on menstrual policymaking and community-based actions in Catalonia (Spain): a qualitative study
García-Egea, A., Holst, A. S., Jacques‐Aviñó, C., Bueno, C. M., Berenguera, A., Vicente‐Hernández, M. M., Valls-Llobet, C., Pinzón-Sanabria, D., Pujolar-Díaz, G., & Medina‐Perucha, L. (2024) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-023-01730-9 · Cited by 17
“Data were analysed based on a Framework Analysis [27, 28] approach.”
Method

Venue: Analyzing Qualitative Data
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2002-09-09
Pages: 187-208
DOI: 10.4324/9780203413081-14
OpenAlex: W1588965071
Cited by: 4,964
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 314 · 2020: 298 · 2019: 331 · 2018: 284 · 2017: 277 · 2016: 291 · 2015: 361 · 2014: 386 · 2013: 357 · 2012: 313
FWCI: 415.52
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
Social Sciences › General Social Sciences › Social Science and Policy Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Data Analysis and Archiving
Keywords: qualitative data analysis, social policy, mixed methods

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