Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research

“The six principles from the TIC framework were then applied to index passages deductively, adhering to a modified framework method (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994).”

“[18] This advantage of mixed coding is useful in applying a structured theoretical framework like the BCW.”

“Thematic analysis of the transcripts was undertaken using a framework analysis (Ritchie and Spencer 2002; Spencer et al. 2013).”

“This method aligns with the Framework Analysis by Ritchie and Spencer [14].”

“The researcher used the framework method below to analyse the data (Ritchie, 1994): 1.”

“Framework is a set of structured outlines which are developing in nature to solve problems, achieve objectives, or make progress in its own evolution (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994).”

“We conducted the analysis inspired by the framework analysis method by Ritchie and Spencer, 18 following the steps of initial coding, development of an analytical framework, summarising and abstracting themes and charting these for comparison.”

“44,45 When necessary, the audiotapes were reviewed to enhance the completeness of the notes.”

“23 Two team members (J.H., C.T.) familiarized themselves with the data fi rst; each read all responses to the free-form questions.”

“The qualitative analysis involved a combination of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) [22] and framework analysis [23].”

“15 The researcher transcribed the recorded interviews entirely, following Miles and Huberman’s coding suggestions.”

“21 The fi rst stage was deductive, line-by-line coding of text using the socioecological framework.”

“Coding worked from a framework analysis perspective (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994), which combines deductive and inductive methods and is often used to compare cases where an analytical framework is being applied in complex contexts (Goldsmith, 2021).”

“Using a framework approach for the analysis, AW also summarised the data pertaining to each code within each transcript, and input this information into a matrix where columns corresponded to codes and rows corresponded to each FGD [53].”

“We will code narrative data using a framework such as Ritchie and Spencer’s framework method for applied policy research to identify individual, household, social and health system determinants of hysterectomy and consequences 30 .”

“Interviews began with introductions and reiterating the purpose of the interview.”

“…analysis were guided by contextual, evaluative and strategic objectives, which respectively aim to: • identify current-state contextual factors • appraise the effectiveness of the current state of affairs • determine plans and actions to achieve the desired future state (Ritchie & Spencer, 2002).”

“Interviews were transcribed verbatim, anonymised, and analysed using framework analysis [16].”

“Data were analyzed using framework analysis (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994) to ensure a transparent process that was systematic, sequential, and veri fi able.”

“For (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994, p. 239) within the category.”

“A qualitative expert will conduct a framework matrix analysis [62] to identify the most effective ways to organize the content and logistics of conducting the trial to help guide our trial protocol [62, 63].”

“The transcribed interviews were uploaded to NVivo 12 software (QSR International Pty Ltd., Doncaster, VIC, Australia) and analysed using the fi ve stages of framework analysis [40].”

“The criteria were developed using communication theory to consider the range of methods that form communication beyond speech, such as: listening, understanding, gestures, vocalizations, eye contact, speech, gestures, facial expressions, and posture.”

“Data will be analyzed using framework analysis, a systematic approach that provides a structured method for managing and interpreting interview data [58,59].”

“Analyses will be guided by the framework method [52,53] and follow a deductive-inductive approach with predetermined themes [54] while allowing for inductive flexibility where themes or codes come from data [52,55].”

“Secondly, with the support of MAXQDA, I have employed a thematic analysis of the field notes and the six life history interviews (Ritchie and Spencer 1994), centring them around the following three index: a) activists’ emotions (hope, disillusion, fatigue, enthu-siasm…); b) activists’ practices…”

“A total of 2 independent researchers will code the interview transcriptions using NVivo 11 (QSR International), using the Framework Method by Ritchie and Spencer [65] to analyze the data.”

“Qualitative data were analysed using framework analysis [33], led by an experienced qualitative researcher (L.J. Brighton) with interpretative input from the wider research team, including people with relevant lived experience.”

“Data analysis was conducted by D.S. and R.M., according to the framework method, 17 and supported by ATLAS.ti software version 23.”

“We used framework analysis 29,30 informed by our study aims and interview guide to explore the perspectives of health providers and support workers on barriers to providing care for people seeking sanctuary.”

“All key stages of framework analysis were followed [54]: familiarisation with the data (through re-reading interview transcripts, listening to parts of interview audio recordings and making notes), developing a thematic framework (formed from initial coding of transcripts, with reference to the…”

“Framework Analysis was designed for addressing social policy research questions [47] and has been used frequently in health research [48].”

“The Framework Analytic Approach was selected as it provides fl exibility in establishing themes and subthemes a priori while allowing for post hoc adjustments to the framework based on fi ndings (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994).”

“In this step, we generated topic charts for our research that aligned with the headings and subheadings derived from our framework or were chosen based on their descriptive nature (Ritchie & Spencer 1994).”

“The same conclusion was reached by Sun and Stewart (2007) in their study of the effects of age and sex on resilience in”

“Framework analysis is a structured method of qualitative analysis which allows researchers to begin with a set of a priori themes which are used as an initial guide to the analysis (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994).”

“We collected data using REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture; Vanderbilt University) [45] and analyzed data using descriptive statistics, thematic analysis [46], and content analysis [47].”

“Framework analysis was originally developed for policy research in the 1980s by Richie and Spencer [15] but since then has been used across disciplines (eg, health research and psychology), usually with but not limited to datasets in which there is some comparison between groups or concepts…”

“28”

“Qualitative data will be analysed with the help of the Framework Method for analysis of qualitative data, as developed by Ritchie and Spencer [18] and applied to healthcare research by Gale et al. [19].”

“The following five stages outlined by Ritchie and Spencer ( 2002) were followed: familiarization (Stage 1), identifying a framework (Stage 2), indexing (Stage 3), charting (Stage 4), and map - ping and interpretation (Stage 5).”

“Analysis followed the Framework Method, enabling systematic cross-case comparison and transparent matrix-based synthesis [32,33].”

“Ritchie and Spencer (2002) identified five stages in framework analysis: Familiarisation with the data, identifying a thematic framework, indexing, charting, and mapping and interpretation, which we follow.”

“Other objectives in the participants' experiences and accessible to policy-makers (Lewis et al., 2003 ; Ritchie et al., 1994).”

“Coding followed the five stages of framework analysis (Table 1) (Gale et al., 2013; Ritchie and Spencer, 2002; Ritchie et al., 2003).”

“For qualitative analysis, a manual framework method was applied (Ritchie et al. 2002).”

“Transcripts were analysed for common themes using the framework approach to thematic analysis [23], which can combine aspects of descriptive thematic analysis (e.g., codebooks) and reflexive thematic analysis (e.g., development of meaning-based themes) [24].”

“A deductive–inductive framework analysis approach was applied, using the COM-B model as an overarching analytical framework to systematically organize participant experiences in relation to established theoretical constructs [29].”

“The analysis, following Ritchie and Spencer’s method [30], was carried out in five stages: 1.”

“Patient representatives with first-hand experience of surgical care contributed ideas and feedback throughout the research process, from design to delivery, via formal 90 min stakeholder meetings and at informal one- to-one meetings.”

“This involved five stages: developing familiarity with the data, identifying a coding framework, indexing, charting, mapping, and interpretation [52].”

“This analysis method is particularly suitable for combining structured comparison and theoretical extraction (Ritchie and Spencer 2002, Ritchie et al. 2003).”

“The interview transcripts were analysed by two researchers (JP and EE) using Framework Analysis (Parkinson et al., 2016; Ritchie & Spencer, 2002).”

“Following Ritchie & Spencer (1994) [16], the five main analysis stages were: Familiarisation (transcripts were read and re-read, with notes made of apparently important issues); Identifying a thematic framework (ideas were organised into a ‘working thematic framework’ – a list of categories and…”

“25 The research team participated in the interviews and reviewed the transcripts multiple times to acquaint themselves with the material and ensure the transcript content accurately represented the recorded interviews.”

“28 This approach involved researchers familiarising themselves with the data by reading a selection of anonymised interview and observation transcripts.”

“…and sifting to identify themes using a pattern-based approach to thematic analysis; and (2) sorting through themes to identify their interrelations, ensure mutual exclusivity of themes, and reduce themes to the minimum number needed to fully describe the data (thematic consolidation) [55– 57].”

“…and coding reliability approaches and is informed by structured analytic traditions (e.g. template analysis, King 2012; framework analysis, Ritchie and Spencer 2002; matrix-based analysis Miles & Huberman 1994), supporting identification of patterned meaning in relation to evaluated…”

“Analysis of the data, including interview transcripts, along with related documentary and policy evidence, was undertaken using well‐established methods common to qualitative research to develop themes, drawing on the frameworks of Huberman and Miles (2002) and Ritchie and Spencer (1994).”

“The Frameworks Approach is particularly suited to the analysis of cross-sectional descriptive data, enabling different aspects of the phenomena under investigation to be captured (Ritchie & Lewis, 2003).”

“Analysis of interview data drew on the Framework approach (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994) using Proctor’s taxonomy of Implementation Outcomes (Proctor et al., 2011) to create a codebook in Nvivo 12.”

“…of private cannabis retailers in NL. Initially developed for policy research, Ritchie and Spencer’s method supports deductive and inductive reasoning, making it particularly suitable for studies exploring how policy structures are experienced and navigated in real-world contexts [29,30].”

“The data was analysed utilising the Framework Method, an analytical technique formulated by Ritchie and Spencer [14], which offers a structured yet adaptable approach for thematic analysis and cross-case evaluation of the data.”

“Data were analysed following the processes of framework analysis [13].”

“Benefits were grouped based on key research questions as suggested by Patton (2002) and Ritchie and Spencer (2002) and further categorized into social services, livelihood support, and local employment based on the benefit-sharing mechanisms as reviewed by Kegamba et al. (2022).”

“We began by using a framework analysis [26] to code transcripts with NVivo14 software into the identified areas of importance for policy changes and research recommendations (e.g., improving collaboration between health professionals) as decided over the course of our workshops.”

“Along these lines a framework analysis (Ritchie and Spencer 2002) was used that was also informed by multistage coding (Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña 2014).”

“Findings from each phase 1 study and a previously published scoping review 19 will undergo secondary framework analysis, indexed to the COMET-taxonomy, 30 38 generating a list of outcome domains.”

“The analysis of this study was informed by the framework method originally developed by Ritchie and Spencer (1994).”

“The five-step framework analysis method by Ritchie and Spencer, which includes (1) familiarization with the data, (2) identification of a thematic framework, (3) indexing, (4) charting, and (5) interpretation, was used to analyze the data [15].”

“Codebook thematic analysis, specifically the Framework Method developed by Ritchie and Spencer (1994), was the selected form of analysis for the qualitative component.”

“Through this collaborative effort, the final themes and subthemes emerged [39, 99, 100].”

“Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health For the qualitative analysis, interviews and focus groups were analyzed by a psychologist with expertise in qualitative research, using the Framework Analysis Approach (Ritchie and Spencer, 1994) as the conceptual foundation.”

“We examined participants’ written reflections via framework analysis (Ritchie & Spencer, 2002) to examine the form and nature of coping insights within participants’ self-generated stressor reflections according to an established conceptual framework (Falon, Kangas et al., 2021).”

“The interviews were analysed using the principles of framework analysis: familiarisation, identifying a thematic framework, indexing, charting, mapping and interpretation [29, 31].”

“The qualitative analysis undertaken in this study was guided by the Framework approach described by Ritchie and Spencer.”

“Developed specifically for applied policy research, this method was selected to provide a systematic and transparent method for analysing feedback on the proposed remuneration models, enabling targeted insights that could be directly applied to policy and practice [18, 19].”

“Framework analysis (FA), as developed by Ritchie and Spencer 11 and adjusted for multidisciplinary health care research by Gale et al. 12 , was used to identify relevant themes.”