Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research

“With written, informed consent, we will audio-record and transcribe verbatim all interview data prior to using framework analysis [23] for each process evaluation objective.”

“We ensured rigor in our analysis of interview data through the Framework Analysis approach [22], applying an existing theoretically informed framework to guide data charting [23], while inductively introducing new codes into the coding scheme to characterize each construct.”

“We applied framework analysis, a structured approach to thematic analysis, which follows five stages: familiarization, identifying a thematic framework, indexing, charting, and interpretation (Ritchie & Spencer, 2002).”

“A framework analysis developed by the National Center for Social Research (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994) was used because of the practice-orientated findings and the focus on maintaining individual respondent accounts’ integrity.”

“Reflexive thematic analysis procedures were guided by a framework approach, a systematic method of qualitative research with five stages: familiarization, identifying a thematic framework, indexing, charting, and mapping and interpretation [ 59 ], facilitated by NVivo 15.1.2 software.”

“A more recent scoping review by Clopper et al. [13] included studies that described the role of occupational therapy in middle to high school settings by delivering interventions addressing social participation, transition services, fine motor and handwriting, assistive technology, literacy…”

“The interview data were analysed using the Framework Method (Ritchie & Spencer, 2002), which was selected because it allows systematic comparison across participants and cases while remaining consistent with interpretive qualitative inquiry.”

“In order to do this, we employed deductive framework analysis, a qualitative approach to analyzing data by comparing it to a pre-existing theoretical or conceptual framework [74,75].”

“Using framework analysis, we identified a thematic framework, and then indexed, charted, mapped, and interpreted the interview data [49, 50].”

“Furthermore, the comparative matrix central to Framework Analysis enabled the study to identify similarities and variations between localities, which was essential for understanding how differing socio-environmental conditions shape SWM practices (Ritchie and Spencer 2010; Goldsmith 2021).”

“Data were analyzed using framework analysis [11].”

“Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed through the use of framework analysis (Ritchie, 1994; Gale et al ., 2013).”

“Data analysis used codebook style thematic and framework analysis (Braun et al., 2019; Braun & Clarke, 2021a; Ritchie & Spencer, 2002).”

“Data analysis was completed using Framework Approach (FA) [19].”

“57 58 Framework provides a transparent and systematic approach to structuring a thematic analysis.”

“Framework Analysis [25, 26] was adopted to compare findings and identify common themes across the different industries represented.”

“The analyst commences the process of synthesizing the fundamental characteristics of the data, undertaking a comprehensive mapping and interpretation of the dataset as an integrated whole, once all the data have been categorized according to core themes (Ritchie, J. & Spencer, 1994).”

“For the analysis, we employed the ‘Framework Method’ as outlined by Ritchie and Spencer [27].”

“Tracing along the contours of an object with the fingers Shape of object contours Additionally, we regarded the interviews with 16 parents and 3 certified occupational therapists as a small-scale standalone qualitative study and adopted Framework Analysis (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994) to systematically organize and synthe…”

“Qualitative data from the key informant discussions were analysed using approach adapted from the principles of framework analysis [23].”

“This method systematically organizes and analyzes data to identify key patterns and themes, particularly suitable for structured or semi-structured data [26].”

“These were transcribed using a transcription company fully compliant with GDPR, commissioned and approved by the university. a structured and transparent approach to coding and theme development, with clear documentation of any subjective inferences (Gale et al. 2013; Ritchie and Spencer 1994).”

“This method can also contribute to the improvement of health services and development of health policy [29–32].”

“Both the primary and secondary data were analysed using the framework approach to qualitative analysis developed by Ritchie and Spencer (1994), which consists of a five-step process of familiarization, identifying a thematic framework, indexing, charting, and mapping and interpretation.”

“Transcripts were then managed using NVivo (version 12; Lumivero) [36] and analyzed inductively using the 5 stages of framework analysis [37,38].”

“Interviews were analysed using a seven-step Framework approach, 16 involving deductive coding guided by the logic model (developed pragmatically by the research team to reflect the specific context of the trial), with inductive examination of unallocated data.”

“Author 1 transcribed the recorded interviews and conducted a thematic analysis following Ritchie and Spencer ’ s (1994) five-step analysis process.”

“Framework analysis, a qualitative method suitable for studies with specific questions and limited time frames [12], enabled us to interpret participants’ perspectives on simulation-based learning [13].”

“14 This approach was selected because it allows both inductive and deductive interpretation of qualitative data while facilitating integration with later policy-oriented frameworks.”

“A qualitative method was chosen because it allows for the exploration of the depth of meaning necessary for a more comprehensive understanding of festival visitors' experiences (Ritchie & Spencer, 2002).”

“Data were analysed using Ritchie et al.'s “Framework analysis” with five stages of qualitative analysis: familiarization, identifying a thematic framework (TFA), indexing, sorting, framework summarization, and abstraction and interpretation [31].”

“The process Ritchie and Spencer (2002) called “sifting, charting , and sorting materials according to key themes and issues”.”

“The process Ritchie and Spencer (2002) described as “sifting, charting and sorting materials according to key themes and issues”.”

“A “Framework” analytical approach [22] informed by the 14-domain version of the Theoretical Domains Framework [23] and based on the research objectives will be used to describe the feasibility of the Bundle .”

“The qualitative data was analysed using the “Framework Analysis” method [22, 23].”

“The data analysis complies to the Framework Method, this method includes five key stages: first, familiarisation with the data; second, identifying a thematic framework; third, indexing; fourth, charting, and fifth, mapping and interpretation (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994).”

“Studies from Europe and China showed that emotional and economic support from close contacts, such as family members and friends, plays a significant role in seeking help for anxiety symptoms [11,26].”

“This iterative approach allowed continuous review of participants’ accounts, facilitating the identification of initial themes that gradually evolved as data collection progressed [31].”

“Diary entries were analyzed using Qualitative Framework Analysis (Ritchie & Spencer, 2002; Snowden, 2015).”

“Following transcription, all qualitative data will be analysed using Framework Analysis [46].”

“The process will follow the framework analysis method proposed by Ritchie and Spencer [13] and the JBI methodological guidance for evidence synthesis [14].”

“We used framework analysis, an approach suitable for applied health research aiming to inform practice and policy (Gale et al. 2013 ; Ritchie et al. 1994 ).”

“Using the ‘ Framework ’ of Ritchie and Spencer (1994: 173) recurring themes were identi fi ed: religious pluralism, the Christian identity of school, worship, curriculum, community life and relationships, student behaviour and conduct, and integration of faith and life.”

“Data were analysed using the framework method described by Ritchie and Spencer (1994).”

“Analysis of the anonymised interview transcripts will follow the framework approach of Ritchie and Spencer [72].”

“Framework Analysis can be shaped by existing ideas and theories, without the need to generate a novel theory, allowing for both a deductive and inductive approach (Ward et al., 2013).”

“All anonymised transcripts were analysed thematically using framework analysis as outlined by Ritchie and Spencer [22].”

“Data analysis followed the Framework Approach outlined by Ritchie and Spencer (1994).”

“Two researchers independently coded each GP interview transcript (AB and GC) and two others independently coded the patient interview transcripts (CC and CA) using a framework analytic approach [29,30].”

“The framework analysis method was used to inductively develop codes, categories, and key themes following familiarisation, open coding, indexing, mapping, and interpretation [33].”

“Two researchers (TP and FM) conducted independent coding, after which they met daily for 1 week to agree on codes, descriptors, and index codes, which shared commonalities [29,30].”

“The 7 stage step-by-step guide of the Framework Method [61] for qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research by [30] was employed to systematically analyze the inter-views.”

“Data were analysed using Framework Analysis, an approach that structures data based on a hierarchical thematic framework (Ritchie and Spencer, 1994).”

“Given ICSs were in their infancy and the study was focused on assessing the implementation of polices from the perspectives of individuals whose organisations would be affected, applied policy research [35, 36] was used to guide the study and questions.”

“The following five stages outlined by Ritchie and Spencer (1994) were followed.”

“The framework method is a content analysis technique developed by Ritchie and Spencer that can facilitate theory development through its systematic coding process [13-14].”

“Interviews and focus groups were analysed using framework analysis [31].”

“We coded data according to the principles of the ‘framework for applied research,’ [20] which consists of a five-stage process including familiarization, identifying themes, indexing, charting, and interpretation.”

“A framework analysis was used to guide the data analysis process to allow an easy audit trial of how themes were developed 28,29 .”

“This was followed by charting the data and then mapping and interpretation to develop descriptive and explanatory findings [35].”

“Data from these sources were synthesized using a framework analysis approach (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994), organizing findings around key dimensions of healthcare regulation identified in implementation science literature: adoption mechanisms, standards design, enforcement structures, administrative…”

“Framework analysis (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994) is an analytical approach not bound to any epistemological position, and it allows for both predetermined factors and data-driven themes in guiding the development of an analytic framework.”

“There was an overarching deductive framework based on the implementation outcomes: 14 • Step 1: Familiarisation: A sample of the data was used to identify issues that could be coded.”

“While scores increased from 4 months to 6 months on the PHQ-9 and GAD-7, the 6-month scores remained below those of the baseline scores.”

“…five interviewees were chosen, each from critical institutions: Interviewee The analysis phase synthesizes collected data using framework analysis, a systematic method in qualitative research originally developed for policy research but now widely applied due to its structured approach [20].”

“Data from the interviews were coded and thematically analysed (Ritchie and Spencer 1994). respondent in the interview was assigned a code based on gender and the location of the study.”

“…followed a hybrid inductive ‐ deductive approach whereby some themes were elicited via semi ‐ structured interview (e.g., asking whether starting a CFTR modulators altered the experience of pain) and other themes emerged from the interview data (e.g., experiencing higher pain tolerance) [23 – 25].”

“The data were then analysed using framework analysis 14 and interpreted through discussion between the study team.”

“We utilized the thematic analysis framework developed by the National Centre for Social Research (Ritchie and Spencer, 2002).”

“Data were analysed in NVivo12 using thematic analysis and managed using a framework approach from a critical realist perspective (Brooks & King, 2017; Gale et al., 2013; Ritchie & Spencer, 2002).”

“To guide the analysis, we followed the Framework Method, a form of thematic analysis that is particularly suited for identifying commonalities and differences within qualitative data [22, 23].”

“Forty interviews with trial participants (20 young people and 20 parents) were deductively coded to an analytic framework [30] based upon the four core NPT constructs.”

“A 5-stage process described by Ritchie and Spencer [42,43] (familiarization, identifying theme, indexing, charting and summarizing, and interpretation or mapping) was conducted by 3 members of the research team, with calibration checks performed by a fourth team member.”

“Focus groups were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim by the research team using the Richie and Lewis theoretical framework (Ritchie & Spencer, 2002).”

“The framework approach involves interrelated steps, which include familiarisation, identifying a thematic framework, applying this framework through indexing, charting and mapping and interpretation [28,32].”

“Interview transcripts were managed using NVivo Version 12 (QSR International Pty Ltd., Doncaster, VIC, Australia) and were analysed using Framework Analysis [24].”

“Data were managed using NVivo (version 12; QSR International) [27] and analyzed using Framework analysis [24,25].”

“At the mapping and interpretation stage (fifth stage), we defined concepts, found associations, and provided explanations of the results (Figure 1) (Ritchie & Spencer, 1994).”

“Products may be differentiated (32) within a relevant market such that some products are closer substitutes than others (33).”